“…Drawing on previous studies (Cheng & Chang, ; Finkelman, Kim, Roussos, & Verschoor, ; Mao & Xin, ), the nonstatistical constraints in this study (see Table ) are set as (1) each attribute should be measured at least three times for the whole test; (2) the bank consists of items from five content areas, and the minimum number of items from each content area is set at two; (3) there are two different question types, and no less than seven items are adopted for each type; (4) no less than three items with correct answer key A, B, C, or D, respectively, are required; and (5) two items are selected randomly as conflicting items, which means the selection of one conflicting item excluded the selection of the other one, as one conflicting item provides a clue to the solution of the other conflicting item (Finkelman et al, ).…”