“…Fluorescence imaging is based on the detection of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) range emitted by fluorophores ( Ximendes et al, 2021 ). Thanks to the advantages of high sensitivity, tunable specificity, controllable cost, acceptable biosafety, and noninvasiveness ( Fatahi et al, 2020 ; Guan et al, 2020 ; Niu et al, 2020 ; Guo et al, 2021 ; He et al, 2021 ), fluorescence imaging has been applied to visualize vascular system ( Ma et al, 2018 ; Zheng et al, 2019 ), lymphatic system ( Nakajima et al, 2018 ), various tumor tissues ( Bai et al, 2020 ; Bai et al, 2021 ), and real-time blood flow ( Hong et al, 2014 ; Wan et al, 2018 ; Cai et al, 2020 ). In addition, fluorescence imaging shows great potential in facilitating the development of precise therapeutic strategies for diseases, including imaging-guided cell therapy, drug delivery/release monitoring, and photodynamic therapy ( Li et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2019a ; Liu et al, 2019 ; Han et al, 2021 ; Xu et al, 2021 ).…”