“…ICG could generate fluorescence, hyperthermia and singlet oxygen upon 808 nm laser irradiation, which allows ICG to be used for molecular imaging and phototherapy in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics (Chen et al., 2016; Hong et al., 2022; Pollmann et al., 2023). Besides, ICG has been widely investigated to combine with other therapeutics such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to better suppress cancer (Lian et al., 2023; Lu et al., 2023; Sun et al., 2022; Tu et al., 2020). However, ICG exhibits poor stability in aqueous solution and short plasma half‐life time in vivo, which significantly limit its applications for both cancer diagnosis and therapeutics (Hu, Chen, et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2017; Saxena et al., 2003).…”