“…To promote transcatheter embolization, another research developed a biodegradable multifunctional porous microsphere (BMPM) composed of carrageenan (Additional file 1 : Fig. S3), whose good roundness and excellent swelling behavior guarantee them to be smoothly transported into targeted arteries’ ends and achieve satisfactory embolization effect [ 53 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Strategies For Diagnosis and Tace Treatment Of Hcc Based On ...mentioning
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the sixth-highest new incidence and fourth-highest mortality worldwide. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is one of the primary treatment strategies for unresectable HCC. However, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory due to the insufficient distribution of antineoplastic drugs in tumor tissues and the worsened post-embolization tumor microenvironment (TME, e.g., hypoxia and reduced pH). Recently, using nanomaterials as a drug delivery platform for TACE therapy of HCC has been a research hotspot. With the development of nanotechnology, multifunctional nanoplatforms have been developed to embolize the tumor vasculature, creating conditions for improving the distribution and bioavailability of drugs in tumor tissues. Currently, the researchers are focusing on functionalizing nanomaterials to achieve high drug loading efficacy, thorough vascular embolization, tumor targeting, controlled sustained release of drugs, and real-time imaging in the TACE process to facilitate precise embolization and enable therapeutic procedures follow-up imaging of tumor lesions. Herein, we summarized the recent advances and applications of functionalized nanomaterials based on TACE against HCC, believing that developing these functionalized nanoplatforms may be a promising approach for improving the TACE therapeutic effect of HCC.
“…To promote transcatheter embolization, another research developed a biodegradable multifunctional porous microsphere (BMPM) composed of carrageenan (Additional file 1 : Fig. S3), whose good roundness and excellent swelling behavior guarantee them to be smoothly transported into targeted arteries’ ends and achieve satisfactory embolization effect [ 53 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Strategies For Diagnosis and Tace Treatment Of Hcc Based On ...mentioning
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the sixth-highest new incidence and fourth-highest mortality worldwide. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is one of the primary treatment strategies for unresectable HCC. However, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory due to the insufficient distribution of antineoplastic drugs in tumor tissues and the worsened post-embolization tumor microenvironment (TME, e.g., hypoxia and reduced pH). Recently, using nanomaterials as a drug delivery platform for TACE therapy of HCC has been a research hotspot. With the development of nanotechnology, multifunctional nanoplatforms have been developed to embolize the tumor vasculature, creating conditions for improving the distribution and bioavailability of drugs in tumor tissues. Currently, the researchers are focusing on functionalizing nanomaterials to achieve high drug loading efficacy, thorough vascular embolization, tumor targeting, controlled sustained release of drugs, and real-time imaging in the TACE process to facilitate precise embolization and enable therapeutic procedures follow-up imaging of tumor lesions. Herein, we summarized the recent advances and applications of functionalized nanomaterials based on TACE against HCC, believing that developing these functionalized nanoplatforms may be a promising approach for improving the TACE therapeutic effect of HCC.
“…They are designed to be biodegradable, are visible by imaging, and can load different therapeutic agents. [17][18][19] Balloon-occluded TACE (B-TACE) was first introduced in 2009 and uses a balloon microcatheter inflated within the tumor-feeding arteries. The theoretical basis of B-TACE is the hemodynamic changes caused by the balloon inflation that further results in the accumulation of dense lipiodol emulsion in the HCC nodule.…”
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the first-line recommendation for intermediate-stage HCC. In real-world clinical practice, TACE also plays an important role in early-and advanced-stage HCC. This review article by the experts from Chinese Liver Cancer Clinical Study Alliance (CHANCE) summarizes the available clinical evidence pertaining to the current application of TACE in patients with early-, intermediate-, and advanced-stage HCC. In addition, combination of TACE with other treatment modalities, especially immunotherapy, is reviewed.
“…7,8 Tumor embolization is a new preoperative technique to shrink the tumor through occlusion of vascular structures and the blockage of vascular supply to tumors. 8,9 The blockage is usually performed via an endovascular approach in which the embolic agent is delivered through a catheter to block the blood flow within a target vessel. 8,10 Therapeutic embolization was used in the early 1970s to treat arteriovenous malformations.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…25 Due to their spherical morphology, microspheres have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of irregularly shaped particles as they result in smooth deliverability and are more predictable and could potentially be explored for being loaded with radionuclides or therapeutic agents. 9,13,25 In TACE, microspheres are employed as embolic agents and chemotherapeutic drug delivery vehicles entrapped in small blood vessels (peritumoral vessels), interrupting the hepatic arterial flow to tumors where the drug can be released in a controlled manner directly to the target site. 26 The use of microspheres as drug delivery vehicles in TACE has improved the delivery of drugs over conventional chemotherapy regimens.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Embolization therapy or embolotherapy is a nonsurgical and minimally invasive procedure for treating solid tumors and various conditions affecting different organs of the human body, such as varicoceles, organ ablation, hemorrhages, and vascular anomalies. , Tumor embolization is a new preoperative technique to shrink the tumor through occlusion of vascular structures and the blockage of vascular supply to tumors. , The blockage is usually performed via an endovascular approach in which the embolic agent is delivered through a catheter to block the blood flow within a target vessel. , Therapeutic embolization was used in the early 1970s to treat arteriovenous malformations. Later, in 1972 selective arterial embolization was used to intervene in acute bleeding.…”
Embolization therapy involving biomaterials has improved the therapeutic strategy for most liver cancer treatments. Developing biomaterials as embolic agents has significantly improved patients' survival rates. Various embolic agents are present in liquid agents, foam, particulates, and particles. Some of the most applied embolic agents are microparticles, such as microspheres (3D micrometer-sized spherical particles). Microspheres with added functionalities are currently being developed for effective therapeutic embolization. Their excellent properties of high surface area and capacity for being loaded with radionuclides and alternate active or therapeutic agents provide an additional advantage to overcome limitations from traditional cancer treatments. Microspheres (nonradioactive and radioactive) have been widely used and explored for localized cancer treatment. Non-radioactive microspheres exhibit improved clinical performance as drug delivery vehicles in chemotherapy due to their controlled and sustained drug release to the target site. They offer better flow properties and are beneficial for the ease of delivery via injection procedures. In addition, radioactive microspheres have also been exploited for use as an embolic platform in internal radiotherapy as an alternative to cancer treatment. This short review summarizes the progressive development of non-radioactive and radioactive embolic microspheres, emphasizing material characteristics. The use of embolic microspheres for various modalities of therapeutic arterial embolization and their impact on therapeutic performance are also discussed.
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