“…In recent decades, there has been an increased focus towards the development and usage of semi-autonomous and fully autonomous robots for the NDE and SHM of civil infrastructures in general and bridges in particular. A wide array of diverse robots have been developed ranging from climbing robots (e.g., legged robots, wheel-based sliding robots and crawler robots) [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ], and multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (e.g., quad-rotors and octo-rotors) [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ] to unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) (e.g., advanced robotics and automation (ARA) lab robot, robotic crack inspection and mapping (ROCIM) , robotics-assisted bridge inspection tool (RABIT)) [ 45 , 47 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ] and water-based robotic crafts (e.g., unmanned submersible vehicles (USVs), underwater marine vehicles (UMVs), underwater vehicles (UUVs)) [ 41 , 42 , 80 ].…”