A Bipolar and Self‐Polymerized Phthalocyanine Complex for Fast and Tunable Energy Storage in Dual‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Bipolar redox organics have attracted interest as electrode materials for energy storage owing to their flexibility, sustainability and environmental friendliness. However, an understanding of their application in all‐organic batteries, let alone dual‐ion batteries (DIBs), is in its infancy. Herein, we propose a strategy to screen a variety of phthalocyanine‐based bipolar organics. The self‐polymerizable bipolar Cu tetraaminephthalocyanine (CuTAPc) shows multifunctional applications in various energy storage systems, including lithium‐based DIBs using CuTAPc as the cathode material, graphite‐based DIBs using CuTAPc as the anode material and symmetric DIBs using CuTAPc as both the cathode and anode materials. Notably, in lithium‐based DIBs, the use of CuTAPc as the cathode material results in a high discharge capacity of 236 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and a high reversible capacity of 74.3 mAh g−1 after 4000 cycles at 4 A g−1. Most importantly, a high energy density of 239 Wh kg−1 and power density of 11.5 kW kg−1 can be obtained in all‐organic symmetric DIBs.

A Self‐Conditioned Metalloporphyrin as a Highly Stable Cathode for Fast Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries

“…Facile reduction and oxidation of fused‐ring organics is well known, and metal complexes of porphyrin and phthalocyanine with promising redox behavior in monovalent metal‐ion‐based electrochemical energy storage systems of Li [19,20] and K [21] were reported recently. Introducing terminal alkyne functionality and a copper(II) cation as central atom was found to significantly improve the stability of [5,15‐bis‐(ethynyl)‐10,20‐diphenylporphinato]copper(II) (CuDEPP) upon cycling.…”

In-situ electropolymerized bipolar organic cathode for stable and high-rate lithium-ion batteries

“…However, it often delivers a low capacity, which needs to be addressed for future applications of p-type materials. Contrarily, bipolar molecules contain both n-and p-type parts and can react with both cations and anions [20][21][22][23], which may exhibit the combined merits (namely, high capacity, high voltage, and fast kinetics) of both n-and ptype parts. They can be used as both cathode and anode depending on the potential level.…”

“…Recently, bipolar compounds were employed as cathode materials to achieve high energy density. Enhanced specific capacities were obtained with insufficient cycling stability [22,23].…”

A Self‐Polymerized Nitro‐Substituted Conjugated Carbonyl Compound as High‐Performance Cathode for Lithium‐Organic Batteries

“…Clearly,t he cathodic peaks shift to lower potentials and the anodic peaks shift to higher potentials as the scan rate increases, indicating the enhanced degree of polarization. [29] Based on the equation i = av b ,t he b value is an indicator of the electrochemicalb ehavior, [41] which can be calculated from the ln-ln plot of the peak current and scan rate. The b values are calculated to be 0.81 and 0.78 (Figure 3b), which are close to 1.0, indicatingt hat the capacitive process playsaleadingr ole in the Li storage in PT-2 NO 2 .…”