A Bird's Eye View of Northern Coast Salish Intertidal Resource Management Features, Southern British Columbia, Canada

Caldwell, Megan; Lepofsky, Dana; Combes, Georgia; Washington, Michelle; Welch, John R.; Harper, John R.

doi:10.1080/15564894.2011.586089

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…When herring were present in significant numbers, they could be scooped from the water using open-lattice baskets, scoop-nets, buckets, or herring rakes (Lane 1990, White 2006. The remnants of stone and stake fish traps are common in Heiltsuk territory, as they are elsewhere on the Northwest Coast (e.g., Moss et al 1990, Caldwell et al 2012). "Open-pens" built from logs and lines strung across bays were also used to "loosely" pen the fish so that they could spawn and When harvesting herring roe and fish, Heiltsuk applied a variety of strategies to ensure sustainable harvests.…”

Section: The Heiltsuk Management System For Pacific Herringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Everything revolves around the herring”: the Heiltsuk–herring relationship through time

Gauvreau¹,

Lepofsky²,

Rutherford³

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) is foundational to many social-ecological systems of the North American coast. The indigenous people of Heiltsuk First Nation on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada have depended on this forage fish for food, social, ceremonial, and economic purposes for millennia. Our research documents social, ecological, and cultural aspects of Heiltsuk First Nation's relationship with Pacific herring and how this relationship has changed over time. We describe and discuss (1) how Heiltsuk social institutions, local and traditional ecological knowledge, and worldview have informed herring management strategies from pre-contact times until present, and (2) how post-contact changes in state-led herring management and other social and institutional developments in British Columbia have affected the role and transmission of Heiltsuk local knowledge and management of herring. By working in close partnership with Heiltsuk decision-makers, and by conducting interviews with Heiltsuk knowledge holders, we ensured that the data gathered would be relevant, applicable, and valuable to the Heiltsuk community. Our research therefore serves as an example of how state fisheries agencies could improve relationships with indigenous communities by engaging in more collaborative data collection, and our results suggest the potential for joint learning and improvement in fisheries management through collaboration during the design of management and harvesting plans. Our research has relevance at the global level because we identify some of the steps that may be taken to help overcome institutionalized inertia and attain more equitable power relationships for sustainable fisheries management.

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Section: The Heiltsuk Management System For Pacific Herringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Everything revolves around the herring”: the Heiltsuk–herring relationship through time

Gauvreau¹,

Lepofsky²,

Rutherford³

et al. 2017

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“…In addition to these "classic clam gardens," local knowledge and the archaeological record indicate that people cleared portions of beaches to enhance production but did not necessarily build walls (Caldwell et al 2012). Based on field observations, whether a wall was built depends on the size and slope of the beach, and the location of the sea shelf, and possibly local ecological factors.…”

Section: Enhancement Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These recent discussions are notable because they combine archaeological and traditional knowledge and because they seek to place traditional marine management within its larger socio-economic context (e.g., Caldwell et al 2012;Campbell and Butler 2010;Groesbeck 2013;Powell 2012;White 2006).…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous marine resource management on the Northwest Coast of North America

2013

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There is increasing recognition among anthropologists that indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast actively managed their terrestrial and marine resources and ecosystems. Such management practices ensured the ongoing productivity of valued resources and were embedded in a complex web of socio-economic interactions. Using ethnographic and archaeological data, this paper synthesizes the ecological and cultural aspects of marine management systems of coastal First Nations. We divide our discussion into four aspects of traditional management systems: harvesting methods, enhancement strategies, tenure systems, and worldview and social relations. The ethnographic data, including memories of living knowledge holders, tend to provide windows into daily actions and the more intangible aspects of management; the archaeological record provides insights into the more tangible aspects and how management systems developed through time and space. This review demonstrates not only the breadth of Northwest Coast marine management but also the value of integrating different kinds of knowledge and data to more fully document the whole of these ancient management systems.

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“…Clam gardens are intertidal rock-walled terraces engineered by humans in ancient times and have been documented from northwest Washington, through British Columbia, to southeast Alaska (Harper et al 1995, Harper and Morris 2004, Harper 2007, Williams 2006, Caldwell et al 2012, Deur et al 2015. These rock walls were constructed in the mid-intertidal zone, between 0.5-1.8 m above chart datum (LLWLT: lowest low water large tide; Groesbeck et al 2014), and are associated with a beach terrace landward of the wall.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ancient clam gardens, traditional management portfolios, and the resilience of coupled human-ocean systems

Jackley¹,

Gardner²,

Djunaedi³

et al. 2016

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ABSTRACT. Indigenous communities have actively managed their environments for millennia using a diversity of resource use and conservation strategies. Clam gardens, ancient rock-walled intertidal beach terraces, represent one example of an early mariculture technology that may have been used to improve food security and confer resilience to coupled human-ocean systems. We surveyed a coastal landscape for evidence of past resource use and management to gain insight into ancient resource stewardship practices on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. We found that clam gardens are embedded within a diverse portfolio of resource use and management strategies and were likely one component of a larger, complex resource management system. We compared clam diversity, density, recruitment, and biomass in three clam gardens and three unmodified nonwalled beaches. Evidence suggests that butter clams (Saxidomus gigantea) had 1.96 times the biomass and 2.44 times the density in clam gardens relative to unmodified beaches. This was due to a reduction in beach slope and thus an increase in the optimal tidal range where clams grow and survive best. The most pronounced differences in butter clam density between nonwalled beaches and clam gardens were found at high tidal elevations at the top of the beach. Finally, clam recruits (0.5-2 mm in length) tended to be greater in clam gardens compared to nonwalled beaches and may be attributed to the addition of shell hash by ancient people, which remains on the landscape today. As part of a broader social-ecological system, clam garden sites were among several modifications made by humans that collectively may have conferred resilience to past communities by providing reliable and diverse access to food resources.

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A Bird's Eye View of Northern Coast Salish Intertidal Resource Management Features, Southern British Columbia, Canada

Cited by 46 publications

References 13 publications

“Everything revolves around the herring”: the Heiltsuk–herring relationship through time

“Everything revolves around the herring”: the Heiltsuk–herring relationship through time

Indigenous marine resource management on the Northwest Coast of North America

Ancient clam gardens, traditional management portfolios, and the resilience of coupled human-ocean systems

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A Bird's Eye View of Northern Coast Salish Intertidal Resource Management Features, Southern British Columbia, Canada

Cited by 46 publications

References 13 publications

&#8220;Everything revolves around the herring&#8221;: the Heiltsuk&#8211;herring relationship through time

&#8220;Everything revolves around the herring&#8221;: the Heiltsuk&#8211;herring relationship through time

Indigenous marine resource management on the Northwest Coast of North America

Ancient clam gardens, traditional management portfolios, and the resilience of coupled human-ocean systems

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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“Everything revolves around the herring”: the Heiltsuk–herring relationship through time

“Everything revolves around the herring”: the Heiltsuk–herring relationship through time