A Blind Spot in the LVRT Current Requirements of Modern Grid Codes for Inverter-Based Resources

Azizi, Ali; Banaiemoqadam, Amin; Hooshyar, Ali; Patel, Manish

doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2022.3187223

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…IBRs may also be standardized to provide I2 according to performance requirements [18] [19]. However, the I2 they inject may differ significantly from the positive-sequence current (I1) because there can be many combinations that satisfy the requirements from the standards [20]. With nonstandardized IBRs that are fully converter interfaced, as discussed, usually the SIRP for LL faults is significantly higher than that for three-phase faults.…”

Section: ) Standardized Ibrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With nonstandardized IBRs that are fully converter interfaced, as discussed, usually the SIRP for LL faults is significantly higher than that for three-phase faults. With standardized IBRs that intend to maximize grid support during low-voltage ridethrough while remaining within their rated phase current limits [20], the SIRP for LL faults can be lower, easing application concerns for distance protection. The inverter control setpoints can also impact SIRP.…”

Section: ) Standardized Ibrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of SIR Calculations for Distance Protection and Considerations for Inverter-Based Resources

Chowdhury,

Sun,

Taylor

2024

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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Source-to-line impedance ratio (SIR) is a parameter used in the application of distance protection. IEEE Std C37.113-2015 (Line Protection Guide) presents a method to calculate SIR for three-phase faults and single-line-to-ground faults. This method has been incorporated into short-circuit programs and is used by practitioners. However, the method uses assumptions that produce erroneous results in systems with zero-sequence mutual coupling and in systems with inverter-based resources. This paper reviews the evolution of SIR calculations (methods) and advocates the use of newer and simpler SIR calculations that remain accurate for all distance protection applications.

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Section: ) Standardized Ibrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ) Standardized Ibrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of SIR Calculations for Distance Protection and Considerations for Inverter-Based Resources

Chowdhury,

Sun,

Taylor

2024

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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“…(c) Reactive power control: LVRT requirements may involve controlling reactive power to help stabilize the grid during and after a disturbance. Power generators are often expected to contribute to voltage support and recovery [61].…”

Section: Grid Code Requirementmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Control Techniques for Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources Applications

Hasheminasab,

Alzayed,

Chaoui

2024

Energies

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The escalating adoption of low-carbon energy technologies underscores the imperative to transition from conventional fossil fuel-dependent sources to sustainable alternatives. The expansion of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) signifies an essential shift towards a more resilient and environmentally friendly energy landscape. However, integrating inverter-based DERs introduces challenges, particularly in system inertia and grid instability. This review delves into the critical area of inverter-based grid control strategies, focusing on the primary and secondary control mechanisms. Primary controls are investigated, including traditional droop control and low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability. The secondary control strategies, involving virtual impedance (VI) and load frequency control (LFC), are vital in maintaining grid stability and reliability are reviewed. The aim is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the principles, advancements, and challenges associated with inverter-based grid controls, contributing valuable insights for the seamless integration of DERs into modern power grids.

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“…The power references are reduced to limit the power supplied during fault conditions to within the limits of the converter. This approach is normally utilised when inverters are required to supply specific current (active or reactive), due to the grid code for low-voltage ride-through requirements [179]. In [180], a controller was designed to maximise the converter capacity while meeting the LVRT requirement, with an algorithm designed to generate current references for the negative and positive sequence currents under fault conditions.…”

Section: Reference Parameter Limitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

Ebinyu,

Abdel-Rahim,

Mansour

et al. 2023

Energies

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Changes are being implemented in the electrical power grid to accommodate the increased penetration of renewable energy sources interfaced with grid-connected inverters. The grid-forming (GFM) control paradigm of inverters in active power grids has emerged as a technique through which to tackle the effects of the diminishing dominance of synchronous generators (SGs) and is preferred to the grid-following (GFL) control for providing system control and stability in converter-dominated grids. Therefore, the development of the GFM control is important as the grid advances towards 100% inverter-based grids. In this paper, therefore, we aim to review the changing grid scenario; the behaviour of grid-connected inverter control paradigms and major GFM inverter controls, including their modifications to tackle low inertia, reduced power quality, fault-ride through capability, and reduced stability; and the state-of-the-art GFM models that are pushing the universality of GFM inverter control.

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A Blind Spot in the LVRT Current Requirements of Modern Grid Codes for Inverter-Based Resources

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Review of SIR Calculations for Distance Protection and Considerations for Inverter-Based Resources

Review of SIR Calculations for Distance Protection and Considerations for Inverter-Based Resources

A Review of Control Techniques for Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources Applications

Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

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