A bloom of <i>Prymnesium parvum</i> Carter in a small coastal inlet in Dragsfjärd, southwestern Finland

Lindholm, Tore; Virtanen, Tytti

doi:10.1002/tox.2530070207

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Highest upregulation was observed in stationary phase nutrient-replete cultures, where the pH of the medium reached up to 9. Such a high pH is a common phenomenon in natural blooms where during dense P. parvum blooms the pH can even exceed 9 (Lindholm and Virtanen, 1992;Michaloudi et al, 2009). As photosynthetic cells grow and increase in concentration the pH of the medium increases in a closed system (e.g.…”

Section: Genes Expressed In the Different Growth Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic response of the toxic prymnesiophyte Prymnesium parvum (N. Carter) to phosphorus and nitrogen starvation

et al. 2012

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Section: Genes Expressed In the Different Growth Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic response of the toxic prymnesiophyte Prymnesium parvum (N. Carter) to phosphorus and nitrogen starvation

et al. 2012

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“…For example, in Norway P. parvum was found to destroy fish gills, thus causing mass mortality of farmed fish (Aure & Rey 1992). In the Baltic Sea, P. parvum belongs to the natural plankton community and may, in suitable environmental conditions, bloom with harmful effects (Lindholm & Virtanen 1992, Lindholm et al 1999). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prymnesium parvum exotoxins affect the grazing and viability of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis

Sopanen¹,

Koski²,

Uronen³

et al. 2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis from the northern Baltic Sea was exposed to cell-free filtrates of the toxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum as well as to cell mixtures of P. parvum and Rhodomonas salina. To test the effects of P. parvum exudates and allelopathy on selective grazers, copepods were incubated (1) in increasing concentrations of cell-free filtrates of P. parvum in the presence of good food (R. salina), (2) in 1:1 cell mixtures at 2 cell concentrations of P. parvum and R. salina and (3) in R. salina cell suspension, which was used as a control for good-quality food. P. parvum cultures were grown in nutrient-balanced (+NP) or limited (-N or -P) media to obtain different levels of toxicity. Survival, ingestion, faecal pellet production rates and egg production were measured over 3 d, together with measurements of P. parvum toxicity (hemolytic activity) (HA). Most of the copepods incubated in high-filtrate concentrations died or became severely impaired, although (HA) in filtrates was under the detection limit. Further, the ingestion and faecal pellet production rates were suppressed in the highest filtrate concentrations in nutrient-limited treatments. Higher cell density in cell mixtures resulted in significantly lower faecal pellet production, although survival remained high. Our results show that HA is not a good overall indicator of the total harmful effects of P. parvum on grazers. Besides monospecific P. parvum diets, filtrates and cell mixtures have negative effects on grazers, and these effects are stronger under nutrient-depleted conditions; however, the presence of good-quality food lowers harmful effects for copepods. The negative effects caused either by direct intoxication or by food limitation following from strong allelopathic effects of P. parvum on other components of nano-and microplankton suggest that P. parvum blooms have a realistic potential to be deleterious for copepod secondary production, irrespective of the presence of alternative food sources.KEY WORDS: Prymnesium parvum · Exotoxins · Hemolytic activity · Eurytemora affinis · Viability · Feeding · Faecal pellet production · Egg production rateResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…Neither of the cultures was axenic, and both algae were isolated from the Baltic Sea, where Thalassiosira spp. usually precede P. parvum in annual succession (Edler 1979, Lindholm & Virtanen 1992. Besides using species from the same environment, we chose these 2 species because it has been demonstrated that the algal allelopathic effect is usually more significant on groups preceding the allelopathic algae, since allelopathy can be used to achieve dominance over the predecessor group (Keating 1977.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelopathic effect on a nutrient-limited phytoplankton species

Fistarol¹,

Legrand²,

Granéli³

2005

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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For aquatic systems, studies on allelopathic interactions among phytoplankton have increased over recent years, with the main focus on the role of the donor organism. In this study, we report on the response of a target organism to allelochemicals and whether this response was affected by stress conditions (nutrient limitation). We exposed the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, grown under different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) conditions (NP, -N, or -P), to single or daily additions of a cell-free filtrate of Prymnesium parvum (grown with no nutrient limitation). When we exposed T. weissflogii to a single addition of filtrate, all 3 treatments were inhibited by P. parvum. However, T. weissflogii NP was the most resistant, while T. weissflogii -N showed the highest sensitivity to P. parvum filtrate, followed by T. weissflogii -P. When T. weissflogii was exposed to daily additions of P. parvum, the degree of inhibition of all T. weissflogii treatments was higher than when only 1 initial addition was made. In this case, even the treatment that had the highest resistance (T. weissflogii NP) was not only inhibited by the filtrate, but also showed a decrease in cell numbers. Nevertheless, T. weissflogii -N was still more sensitive than the other treatments. Therefore, nutrient-limiting conditions may increase allelopathic effects, by making the target more susceptive to allelopathic compounds. Under these conditions, allelopathy may play a strong role in phytoplankton competition, especially in natural environments where the allelochemicals are continuously released and, thus, the target species do not have time to recover. KEY WORDS: Allelopathy · Phytoplankton · Target organism · Nutrient limitation · Thalassiosira weissflogii · Prymnesium parvum Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 41: [153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161] 2005 al. 1999), although few studies have really tested this hypothesis (Einhellig 1996) and those that did only concentrated on higher plants.Allelopathy is a form of interference competition, and, together with resource exploitation, it is used to explain patterns in plant competition dynamics (Rice 1984). Thus, factors that enhance the allelopathic effect may change the competitive balance towards allelopathic organisms. Since all plants and algae experience some kind of stress during growth, it is probable that the stress factors interact with allelopathy, thus changing the outcome of competition.In the present study, we investigated if the response of target phytoplankton species, which were exposed to allelochemicals, is affected by nutrient limitation. The fact that the allelopathic effect may be lost some time after exposure due to the degradation of the causative compounds was taken into consideration. Therefore, we also tested the response of nutrient-limited target species when exposed to a single addition of filtrate or to daily additions, and compared the results. Daily filtrate additions may better mi...

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A bloom of Prymnesium parvum Carter in a small coastal inlet in Dragsfjärd, southwestern Finland

Cited by 30 publications

References 4 publications

Transcriptomic response of the toxic prymnesiophyte Prymnesium parvum (N. Carter) to phosphorus and nitrogen starvation

Transcriptomic response of the toxic prymnesiophyte Prymnesium parvum (N. Carter) to phosphorus and nitrogen starvation

Prymnesium parvum exotoxins affect the grazing and viability of the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis

Allelopathic effect on a nutrient-limited phytoplankton species

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