A blueprint for civil GPS navigation message authentication

Abstract

Abstract-A proposal for civil GPS navigation message authentication (NMA) is presented with sufficient specificity to enable near-term implementation. Although previous work established the practicality and efficacy of NMA for civil GPS signal authentication, there remains a need for a detailed proposal that addresses several outstanding considerations regarding implementation. In particular, this paper (1) provides a definitive evaluation of the tradeoffs involved in the choice of cryptographic protocol, and (2) optimizes the placement of digital signature bits in the GPS CNAV message stream. By offering GPS engineers and policymakers a detailed blueprint for civil NMA, this work advances the possibility of NMA implementation on modernized civil GPS signals.

A Navigation Message Authentication Proposal for the Galileo Open Service

“…More details about TESLA protocol implementations for GNSS can be found in . Now that the TESLA protocol and its use for GNSS have been generally described, the next sections will deal with the specificities of the proposed scheme.…”

“…Assuming the MAC algorithm behaves as a lookup table with a message and a key as entries, and an n ‐bit random sequence as output, an attacker could only try to guess the MAC, which is very unlikely even for extremely truncated MACs to only a very few bits . For example, a MAC as short as 10 bits would be guessed with an average probability of 0.097% (one time out of 1024), rendering the ‘MAC guessing’ \ compared to a pure service denial by, e.g., jamming the signal.…”

“…To provide a new public key, different approaches may be followed. Either the system does over‐the‐air rekeying for the public key or the receiver connects to a network to obtain it. Otherwise, publishing keys with a certain frequency and validity period of, e.g., 1 year and 5 years, respectively, and sending digital signatures using all of the keys would allow receivers not to have to download the keys for some years.…”

Framework for cyber-physical systems: volume 3, timing annex

“…Navigation Message Authentication (NMA) is moving forward on GPS for the second frequency civilian code called L2C. NMA attaches a digital signature to the GPS navigation messages [36].…”

Hazards Reporting Based on Real-Time Field Data Collection Using Personal Mobile Phone

“…scanning, geofencing, digitiz-ing, etc.). [4] Among them, field data collection is one of the first steps for spatial information users, especially for geographers, geologists, biologists, crop scientists, ecologists, etc. Field data collection is required for several reasons, such as col-lecting Ground Control Points (GCPs), ground [7] truth data collection for result validation, collecting soil contaminated sites, plant or animal species, and gathering public opinions for retail market analysis in order to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of objects and information on their associated attributes.…”