“…The bottom-up approach is used in micro-level studies where IO and CGE models cannot be easily applied, for instance in the case of assessing economic and employment impacts at the local level (Cooper et al, 2016). Bottom-up approach has been used in a wide array of disciplines to estimate economic impacts, including the transport sector in Austria (Pfurtscheller and Genovese, 2018), the energy sector in Germany (J€ ager et al, 2016), macroeconomics (Dias et al, 2018) and in the infrastructure sector (Ojha et al, 2020). Bottom-up models are more suitable for assessing socio-economic interactions in regional areas, where aggregated national-level economic data as a fundamental requirement in top-down models may not be relevant (Gajanayake et al, 2020) and have been used where economy-wide sectoral information is not available (Wiesenthal et al, 2012).…”