On-surface
synthesis provides a powerful method for the generation
of long acene molecules, making possible the detailed investigation
of the electronic properties of single higher acenes on a surface.
By means of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy combined
with theoretical considerations, we discuss the polyradical character
of the ground state of higher acenes as a function of the number of
linearly fused benzene rings. We present energy and spatial mapping
of the tunneling resonances of hexacene, heptacene, and decacene,
and discuss the role of molecular orbitals in the observed tunneling
conductance maps. We show that the energy gap between the first electronic
tunneling resonances below and above the Fermi energy stabilizes to
a finite value, determined by a first diradical electronic perturbative
contribution to the polyacene electronic ground state. Up to decacene,
the main contributor to the ground state of acenes remains the lowest-energy
closed-shell electronic configuration.