A brain within the heart: A review on the intracardiac nervous system

Campos, I; Pinto, Vítor; Sousa, Nuno; Pereira, Vítor Hugo

doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.04.005

Cited by 54 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…In fact, the association between increased sympathetic nerve sprouting and an electrically remodelled myocardium may result in ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation (VF), and sudden cardiac death (SCD) 34,36 . With the increasing understanding of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its role in the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases, autonomic modulation may play an important role in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases 37 . The role of cardiac target‐derived factors as regulators of neuronal maturation, synaptic transmission, neuronal elongation, and axonal collateral sprouting has been well established.…”

Section: Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (Sympathetic and Parasympatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleiotropic activity of nerve growth factor in regulating cardiac functions and counteracting pathogenesis

Pius-Sadowska

2021

ESC Heart Failure

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Cardiac innervation density generally reflects the levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) produced by the heart-changes in NGF expression within the heart and vasculature contribute to neuronal remodelling (e.g. sympathetic hyperinnervation or denervation). Its synthesis and release are altered under different pathological conditions. Although NGF is well known for its survival effects on neurons, it is clear that these effects are more wide ranging. Recent studies reported both in vitro and in vivo evidence for beneficial actions of NGF on cardiomyocytes in normal and pathological hearts, including prosurvival and antiapoptotic effects. NGF also plays an important role in the crosstalk between the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It was the first neurotrophin to be implicated in postnatal angiogenesis and vasculogenesis by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. In connection with these unique cardiovascular properties of NGF, we have provided comprehensive insight into its function and potential effect of NGF underlying heart sustainable/failure conditions. This review aims to summarize the recent data on the effects of NGF on various cardiovascular neuronal and non-neuronal functions. Understanding these mechanisms with respect to the diversity of NGF functions may be crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies, including NGF action mechanism-guided therapies.

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Section: Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System (Sympathetic and Parasympatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleiotropic activity of nerve growth factor in regulating cardiac functions and counteracting pathogenesis

Pius-Sadowska

2021

ESC Heart Failure

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“…They have shown that while a complex regulation occurs in the central nervous system involving the insular cortex, the amygdala and the hypothalamus, a local cardiac regulation also takes place within the heart, driven by an intracardiac nervous system. This complex system consists of a network of ganglionic plexuses and interconnecting ganglions and axons [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Brain in Chick Embryos by Growing Second Heart and Brain

Fioranelli¹,

Sepehri²,

Roccia³

et al. 2019

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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To recover chick embryos damaged the brain, two methods are presented. In both of them, somatic cells of an embryo introduced into an egg cell and an embryo have emerged. In one method, injured a part of the brain in the head of an embryo is replaced with a healthy part of the brain. In the second method, the heart of brain embryo dead is transplanted with the embryo heart. In this mechanism, new blood cells are emerged in the bone marrow and transmit information of transplantation to subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain through the circulatory system. Then, SVZ produces new neural stem cells by a subsequent dividing into neurons. These neurons produce new neural circuits within the brain and recover the injured brain. To examine the model, two hearts of two embryos are connected, and their effects on neural circuits are observed.

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“…The CQ/quinine adverse effects found in in vitro studies is quite similar with the clinical outcomes: both quinine and chloroquine appeared to cause a decrease of myocardial cell discharge and lead to aberrant cardiac electrical conduction and QT elongation ( Figure 2 ). CQ also targets on nicotine receptors in neurons, thus it might affect intracardiac nerve-cardiac signaling mediated by nicotine receptors, thereby contribute to mediate the excitability of cardiac myocytes ( Ballestero et al., 2005 ; Duraes Campos et al., 2018 ; Estes et al., 1987 ). In a small clinical trial, the mean QT prolongation was about 35 (28–43) ms and more than 20% percent of COVID-19 patients had a QT interval exceeding 500 ms during chloroquine treatment ( van den Broek et al., 2020 ), but in general CQ/HCQ is safe even QT prolongation is commonly reported ( Sarayani et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Adverse Effects and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroquine to fight COVID-19: A consideration of mechanisms and adverse effects?

Zhan

Dowell

Shen

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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The COVID-19 outbreak emerged in December 2019 and has rapidly become a global pandemic. A great deal of effort has been made to find effective drugs against this disease. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were widely adopted in treating COVID-19, but the results were contradictive. CQ/HCQ have been used to prevent and treat malaria and are efficacious anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These drugs have potential broad-spectrum antiviral properties, but the underlying mechanisms are speculative. In this review, we re-evaluated the treatment outcomes and current hypothesis for the working mechanisms of CQ/HCQ as COVID-19 therapy with a special focus on disruption of Ca 2+ signaling. In so doing, we attempt to show how the different hypotheses for CQ/HCQ action on coronavirus may interact and reinforce each other. The potential toxicity is also noted due to its action on Ca 2+ and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in cardiac myocytes and neuronal cells. We propose that intracellular calcium homeostasis is an alternative mechanism for CQ/HCQ pharmacology, which should be considered when evaluating the risks and benefits of therapy in these patients and other perspective applications.

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A brain within the heart: A review on the intracardiac nervous system

Cited by 54 publications

References 80 publications

Pleiotropic activity of nerve growth factor in regulating cardiac functions and counteracting pathogenesis

Pleiotropic activity of nerve growth factor in regulating cardiac functions and counteracting pathogenesis

Recovery of Brain in Chick Embryos by Growing Second Heart and Brain

Chloroquine to fight COVID-19: A consideration of mechanisms and adverse effects?

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