We show that TBA equations defined by the BPS spectrum of
5d5d\mathcal{N}=1𝒩=1SU(2)SU(2)
Yang-Mills on S^1\times \mathbb{R}^4S1×ℝ4
encode the q-Painlevé III_33
equation. We find a fine-tuned stratum in the physical moduli space of
the theory where solutions to TBA equations can be obtained exactly, and
verify that they agree with the algebraic solutions to q-Painlevé.
Switching from the physical moduli space to that of stability
conditions, we identify two one-parameter deformations of the fine-tuned
stratum, where the general solution of the q-Painlevé equation in terms
of dual instanton partition functions continues to provide explicit TBA
solutions. Motivated by these observations, we propose a further
extensions of the range of validity of this correspondence, under a
suitable identification of moduli. As further checks of our proposal, we
study the behavior of exact WKB quantum periods for the quantum curve of
local \mathbb{P}^1\times\mathbb{P}^1ℙ1×ℙ1.