A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil®

Garrod, J. Z.

doi:10.26443/mjm.v9i1.499

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…1). Garrod (2006) explains that “scientists have been satisfied to use false statistics, poor methodology, and illogical conclusions to ‘prove’ the theory that biology is a predictor of culture, without regard for real evidence stating the opposite” (p. 54). Persistent and ingrained belief in biological racial differences in science (Saini, 2019) help sustain scientific racism as a durable feature of modern society.…”

Section: Science and Racementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In providing a historical overview of the application of the concept of race in social practice, Castagna & Sefa Dei (2000) affirmed that sciences, scientific concepts, and scientific theories have long been used to protect, legitimize, and uphold racialized hierarchies. Likewise, Garrod (2006) affirmed, “scientific racism is a scientific tradition in which biology is used not only to prove the existence of race, but also, to maintain existing social hierarchies” (p. 54). This is visible, for example, in The Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994), which presented the argument that race is connected to intelligence, justifying the vast racial inequalities that characterize U.S. society.…”

Section: Science and Racementioning

confidence: 99%

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Translanguaging as Norm: Rejecting Narrow and Restrictive Notions of Reading

Souto‐Manning¹,

Martell²,

Perez³

et al. 2021

The Reading Teacher

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In this article, we bring different fields into conversation as a way of expanding understandings about the teaching of reading, centering the communicative practices of multilingual children. Instead of seeking to remedy children whose communicative practices and norms do not align with “academic language,” we traverse fields to show how seemingly innocuous concepts and related undertakings may harm young multilingual children by sponsoring pathological paradigms that frame their ways of communicating as inferior and/or wrong. Challenging the monoglossic gaze that upholds and reifies monolingual ideologies, we consider how teachers might rethink longstanding albeit narrow, restrictive, and exclusionary conceptualizations of language and literacy, moving toward reconceptualizing languages and literacies plurally, expansively, and inclusively. After doing so, we discuss the power and possibility of translanguaging‐‐conceptually and empirically. We conclude by offering resources that can help foster, cultivate, and sustain translanguaging in classrooms and (pre)schools.

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Section: Science and Racementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Science and Racementioning

confidence: 99%

Translanguaging as Norm: Rejecting Narrow and Restrictive Notions of Reading

Souto‐Manning¹,

Martell²,

Perez³

et al. 2021

The Reading Teacher

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Today, the Star Chamber may be gone, but well over 100 Princeton University professors recently petitioned to establish a faculty committee to investigate and discipline other Princeton professors for racism in their research and publications (Smith 2020). 2 These kinds of contemporary concerns over racism in academic research have been raised in virtually every field of inquiry, including the sciences (Garrod 2006).…”

Section: Academic Freedommentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Second Thoughts About the Humanities

Drakeman¹

2021

Zygon

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Willem Drees’ excellent What Are the Humanities For? triggered a series of second thoughts about the role of the humanities in modern society. These include several topics on which he and I agree but where we may be out of step with current trends, such as a dedication to “value‐free” scholarship and the continuing importance of the academic study of religion. It also provided an opportunity to question why religion has been excluded from policy debates involving the principal interface between science and religion in the twenty‐first century: the creation of new medicines and their delivery to the billions of religious people around the world. Finally, I question the assumption that studying the humanities necessarily promotes critical thinking and argue that achieving that goal is more important now than ever before.

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“…BiDil is a combination of two drugs marketed to Black patients in 2005 to treat heart failure based on the assumption that Black individuals were genetically predisposed to lower nitric oxide bioavailabilitywhich this medication could remedy (Benjamin, 2018;Brody & Hunt, 2006;Garrod, 2006). However, when the trial that suggested this is examined more closely, what emerges is that the patent protection for these two drugs, held by NitroMed, was about to lapse and that combining them for this specific purpose would extend royalties and control for another 13 years.…”

Section: Nutritional Reductionism and Racementioning

confidence: 99%

‘Personalised nutrition: studies in the biogenetics of race and food’

Sikka

2020

Social Identities

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Genomic based nutrition (or nutrigenomics) is a compelling area of study since it feeds into multiple overlapping and often competing epistemologies and conversations that are sociologically and scientifically significant. These include questions of perceived and assigned racial, ethnic, and ancestral identities, food culture, genetic science, body and health anxieties, gender issues, neoliberal capitalism, food safety, technology, equity, and privacy.In this article, I tease out and examine some of the more potentially pernicious outcomes of the commercialization of nutrigenomics through the use of popular genetic testing kits ostensibly aimed at improving public health through personalized diets based on ones' individual DNA. While the promise of personalized nutrition might, on the surface, give rise to the hope that it could obviate racial categorization by moving away from racialised and racializing assumptions, it remains the case that the majority of companies that make these recommendations are also testing for ancestry. Moreover, the practice of using race as a proxy for population has long been de rigeur in science and will likely continue. Similar to the outcome of the Human Genome Project, which established human beings are 99.9% genetically identical, the personalization of genetic data is unlikely to result in the challenging of biogenetic racism, the continued use of race as a category in science, or racialization in general. Kelly Happe, in her work on the Human Genome Project, demonstrates how race has become a black box allowing for health disparities to be explained using individual and biogenetic level explanations that are actually social (Happe, 2013). Margery Fee's research on the trope of the 'thrifty genotype', meant to explain high rates of diabetes amongst Indigenous groups, speaks directly to how race becomes a 'crude proxy' for genetic differences that are presumed rather than real (Fee, 2006(Fee, , p. 2988.As such, I argue that not only do genetic ancestry kits, and the nutritional recommendations that stem from them, represent a misunderstanding of current genetic science and state of genetic technologies, but that the most troubling outcomes of these applications are the further reification and perpetuation of racialised and racializing knowledge, discourses, structures, and actions. By coupling critiques of race-based medicine with those that surround ancestral DNA testing, I make the case that trends in personalized nutrition testing risk, re-entrenching historically rooted myths about race, biology, and identity leading to a myriad of harmful outcomes for racialised groups and individuals. These include the production of yet another locus of inequality based on disparities in access to the 'right' foods, the iniquitous distribution of dietary capital, the further responsibilisation of health to individuals, increased surveillance, and a more impoverished relationship to food itself.Thus, my objective is to critically assess trend toward personalized nutrition through an examina...

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A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil®

Abstract: N/A

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Translanguaging as Norm: Rejecting Narrow and Restrictive Notions of Reading

Translanguaging as Norm: Rejecting Narrow and Restrictive Notions of Reading

Some Second Thoughts About the Humanities

‘Personalised nutrition: studies in the biogenetics of race and food’

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