A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases

Abstract

The history of colour is fascinating from a social and artistic viewpoint because it shows the way; use; and importance acquired. The use of colours date back to the Stone Age (the first news of cave paintings); colour has contributed to the social and symbolic development of civilizations. Colour has been associated with hierarchy; power and leadership in some of them. The advent of synthetic dyes has revolutionized the colour industry; and due to their low cost; their use has spread to different industrial sectors. Although the percentage of coloured wastewater discharged by the textile; food; pharmaceutical; cosmetic; and paper industries; among other productive areas; are unknown; the toxic effect and ecological implications of this discharged into water bodies are harmful. This review briefly shows the social and artistic history surrounding the discovery and use of natural and synthetic dyes. We summarise the environmental impact caused by the discharge of untreated or poorly treated coloured wastewater to water bodies; which has led to physical; chemical and biological treatments to reduce the colour units so as important physicochemical parameters. We also focus on laccase utility (EC 1.10.3.2), for discolouration enzymatic treatment of coloured wastewater, before its discharge into water bodies. Laccases (p-diphenol: oxidoreductase dioxide) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes widely distributed in plants, insects, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal laccases have employed for wastewater colour removal due to their high redox potential. This review includes an analysis of the stability of laccases, the factors that influence production at high scales to achieve discolouration of high volumes of contaminated wastewater, the biotechnological impact of laccases, and the degradation routes that some dyes may follow when using the laccase for colour removal

Inhibitory Potential of New Phenolic Hydrazide-Hydrazones with a Decoy Substrate Fragment towards Laccase from a Phytopathogenic Fungus: SAR and Molecular Docking Studies

“…1/V = (K M,app /V max )•(1/C s ) + 1/V max,app (4) where K M,app is defined as K M •(1 + I/K I ), and V max,app defined as (1 + I/α•K I )/V max , where K M -a Michaelis-Menten constant [µM], K M,app -an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant [µM], V max -a maximal enzyme velocity [µM•min −1 ], V max,app -an apparent maximal enzyme velocity [µM•min −1 ], C s -a substrate (syringaldazine) concentration, Ian inhibitor concentration [µM], K I -an inhibition constant [µM], α•K I is a non-competitive or uncompetitive component for α < 1 or α > 1 in the mixed type of inhibition, respectively.…”

“…It has the exceptional ability to one electron oxidize both low-and high-molecular-weight substrates via direct or mediated reactions applied in green chemistry [1]. This nonspecific property has been reflected in numerous industrial, medical, and environmental applications [2][3][4][5]. Prokaryotes [6] and eukaryotes such as insects [7], plants, and fungi [8] produce laccase.…”

Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Dyeing Potential of Crude Pigment Extract of Gonatophragmium triuniae and Its Chemical Characterization

“…Natural pigments/colours are gaining increased attention currently because of the adverse effects of synthetic colours on humans and the environment. Most of the synthetic colours have been found to be toxic, allergic, and carcinogenic to human beings, and hazardous to the environment [4][5][6]. This has increased the need for safe, natural, eco-friendly pigments as Molecules 2022, 27, 393 2 of 23 an alternative to synthetic pigments.…”

Adsorption Behavior and Dynamic Interactions of Anionic Acid Blue 25 on Agricultural Waste

“…Soil and water environmental issues caused by the discharge of industrial wastewaters into water systems have become a global concern. In particular, the detrimental effects of the pollutants, such as heavy metals and synthetic dyes, on the entire ecosystem and human health have prompted the drive to develop effective approaches to remove the pollutants from wastewaters [ 1 , 2 ]. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological approaches, such as membrane filtration [ 3 ], flocculation [ 4 ], advanced oxidation [ 5 , 6 ], ozonation [ 7 ], adsorption [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], ion exchange [ 12 ], Fenton processes [ 13 ], and biodegradation [ 14 ] have been explored to remove heavy metal and dye effluents from wastewater.…”