A brief history of the discovery of natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in captive sooty Mangabey monkeys

Gormus, Bobby J.; Martin, Louis N.; Baskin, Gary B.

doi:10.2741/1151

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In fact, accidental transmission of SIVsmm to rhesus macaques led to the development of the current animal model for AIDS research Gormus et al, 2004). However, as shown in subsequent studies, the current reference strains for use in macaques resulted from serial passage of SIVsmm, a factor that contributed to this increased pathogenicity Mansfield et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission

Souquière

Onanga

Makuwa

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is naturally infected by two types of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): SIVmnd types 1 and 2. Both of these viruses cause long-term, non-progressive infections in their natural host despite high plasma viral loads. This study assessed the susceptibility of rhesus macaques to infection by these two types of SIVmnd and compared the virological and basic immunological characteristics of the resulting infections with those observed in natural infection in mandrills. Whilst both SIVmnd types induced similar levels of virus replication during acute infection in both mandrills and macaques, they produced a more pronounced CD4+ T-cell depletion in rhesus macaques that persisted longer during the initial stage of infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were also induced at higher levels in rhesus macaques early in the infection. During the chronic phase of infection in mandrills, which in this case was followed for up to 2 years after infection, high levels of chronic virus replication did not induce significant changes in CD4 + or CD8 + T-cell counts. In rhesus macaques, the overall chronic virus replication level was lower than in mandrills. At the end of the follow-up period, although the viral loads of SIVmnd-1 and SIVmnd-2 were relatively similar in rhesus macaques, only SIVmnd-1-infected rhesus macaques showed significant CD4 + T-cell depletion, in the context of higher levels of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell activation, compared with SIVmnd-infected mandrills. The demonstration of the ability of both SIVmnd types to induce persistent infections in rhesus macaques calls for a careful assessment of the potential of these two viruses to emerge as new human pathogens. INTRODUCTIONAfrican non-human primates (NHPs) are the natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) Hahn et al., 2000;VandeWoude & Apetrei, 2006). To date, more than 40 different SIVs have been described and they infect different African species of monkeys and apes at high levels of prevalence Hahn et al., 2000;VandeWoude & Apetrei, 2006). Unlike pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and SIV in macaques, natural SIV infections generally do not progress to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Chakrabarti, 2004;Hirsch, 2004;Muller & Barré-Sinoussi, 2003;Norley et al., 1999;Onanga et al., 2002Onanga et al., , 2006Pandrea et al., 2008b;Silvestri, 2005). In fact, only a handful of cases of immunodeficiency have been described to date in African NHP species, all of which have occurred in captive animals (Ling et al., 2004;Pandrea et al., 2001;Traina-Dorge et al., 1992). This lack of SIV-related disease progression in natural NHP hosts does not appear to be due to better infection control, as natural SIV infections are characterized by high levels of virus replication and + T-cell restoration during the chronic infection to near-baseline levels (Kaur et al., 1998;Kornfeld et al., 2005;Pandrea et al., 2005Pandrea et al., , 2006Silvestri et al., 2005). Also, natural SIV infections are characte...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission

Souquière

Onanga

Makuwa

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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“…Blood from one Rh macaque with AIDS was inoculated into six Rh macaques, five of which developed AIDS following a shorter incubation period (6 to 18 months versus 18 to 24 months). A virulent SIVsmmB670 strain was isolated from one animal (RhB670) (144). We recently characterized the natural history of SIVsmm infection in two Rh macaques inoculated with lepromatous SIV-positive SM brain that did not develop AIDS.…”

Section: Siv Infection Of Asian Macaquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses

2006

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SUMMARY Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.

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“…The only exception is the cross-species transmission of SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), which is pathogenic in RMs upon direct cross-species transmission (41,62). Note that the emergence of SIVmac and SIVsmm reference strains currently used for pathogenesis and vaccine studies occurred through accidental transmission of SIVsmm from sooty mangabeys to different species of macaques in primate centers in the United States (4,5,34,44) and that the high pathogenicity of these reference strains might have resulted as an effect of serial passages (5,24). This conclusion is also supported by the recent observation that the intrinsic pathogenicity of primary SIVsmm isolates is significantly lower than previously believed (C. Apetrei, unpublished observations).…”

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confidence: 99%

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVrcm, a Unique CCR2-Tropic Virus, Selectively Depletes Memory CD4 ⁺ T Cells in Pigtailed Macaques through Expanded Coreceptor Usage In Vivo

Gautam

Gaufin

Butler

et al. 2009

J Virol

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Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVrcm, which naturally infects red-capped mangabeys (RCMs), is the only SIV that uses CCR2 as its main coreceptor due to the high frequency of a CCR5 deletion in RCMs. We investigated the dynamics of SIVrcm infection to identify specific pathogenic mechanisms associated with this major difference in SIV biology. Four pigtailed macaques (PTMs) were infected with SIVrcm, and infection was monitored for over 2 years. The dynamics of in vivo SIVrcm replication in PTMs was similar to that of other pathogenic and nonpathogenic lymphotropic SIVs. Plasma viral loads (VLs) peaked at 10 7 to 10 9 SIVrcm RNA copies/ml by day 10 postinoculation (p.i.). A viral set point was established by day 42 p.i. at 10 3 to 10 5 SIVrcm RNA copies/ml and lasted up to day 180 p.i., when plasma VLs decreased below the threshold of detection, with blips of viral replication during the follow-up. Intestinal SIVrcm replication paralleled that of plasma VLs. Up to 80% of the CD4 ؉ T cells were depleted by day 28 p.i. in the gut. The most significant depletion (>90%) involved memory CD4 ؉ T cells. Partial CD4 ؉ T-cell restoration was observed in the intestine at later time points. Effector memory CD4 ؉ T cells were the least restored. SIVrcm strains isolated from acutely infected PTMs used CCR2 coreceptor, as reported, but expansion of coreceptor usage to CCR4 was also observed. Selective depletion of effector memory CD4؉ T cells is in contrast with predicted in vitro tropism of SIVrcm for macrophages and is probably due to expansion of coreceptor usage. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of understanding the selective forces driving viral adaptation to a new host.

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A brief history of the discovery of natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in captive sooty Mangabey monkeys

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission

Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission

Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVrcm, a Unique CCR2-Tropic Virus, Selectively Depletes Memory CD4 ⁺ T Cells in Pigtailed Macaques through Expanded Coreceptor Usage In Vivo

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A brief history of the discovery of natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in captive sooty Mangabey monkeys

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission

Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission

Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVrcm, a Unique CCR2-Tropic Virus, Selectively Depletes Memory CD4 + T Cells in Pigtailed Macaques through Expanded Coreceptor Usage In Vivo

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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVrcm, a Unique CCR2-Tropic Virus, Selectively Depletes Memory CD4 ⁺ T Cells in Pigtailed Macaques through Expanded Coreceptor Usage In Vivo