A Brief Review of Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Methanol Over Copper and Iron Based Catalysts

Abstract

-Climate change and global warming have become a challenging issue affecting not only humanity but also flora and fauna due to an intense increase of CO 2 emission in the atmosphere which has gradually led to amplification in the average global temperature. Hence, a number of mechanisms have been promoted to diminish the atmospheric commutation of carbon dioxide. One of the well-known techniques is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) which mechanism is based on capture and storage vast quantities of CO 2 , as well as Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) which mechanism is based on CO 2 conversion to liquid fuels (e.g. methanol, hydrocarbons, carbonate, propylene, dimethyl ether, ethylene, etc.). Particularly, methanol (CH 3 OH) is a key feedstock for industrial chemicals, which further can be converted into high molecular alternative liquid fuels. In this regard, hydrogenation of CO 2 is one of the promising, effectual and economic techniques for utilization of CO 2 emission. Nevertheless, the reduction/activation of CO 2 into useful liquid products is a scientifically challenging issue due to the complexities associated with its high stability. Thus, various catalysts have been applied to reduce the activation energy of the hydrogenation process and transform CO 2 into value-added products. Thereby, this review article highlights the progress and the recent advances of research investigation in Cu and Fe-based catalytic conversion of CO 2 , reaction mechanisms, catalytic reactivity, and influence of operating parameters on product efficiency.

Recent Developments in the Modelling of Heterogeneous Catalysts for CO2 Conversion to Chemicals

“…A proper support not only affects the stabilization and formation of the catalysts active phase, but it is also able to control the interaction between the promoter and major component. Additionally, acidity and basicity characteristics of the catalyst are also determined by the selected support …”

“…Additionally, acidity and basicity characteristics of the catalyst are also determined by the selected support. [23] Low-pressure methanol synthesis relies almost on catalysts based on copper, zinc oxide, and alumina, which acts as a promoter in this catalyst rather than as a classical support. [139] However, Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts suffer from the limited selectivity (< 70 %) for methanol and stringent reaction conditions (50-100 bar, 200-300°C).…”

“…Several articles about current experimental research of the CO 2 hydrogenation summarize the development of the most recent catalysts with proposed mechanisms. [5,[18][19][20][21] The majority of the literature is focused on methanol synthesis and mechanism of methanol formation on mainly used and most debated ZnO/Cu catalytic surface [22][23][24][25][26] which makes it more accessible to find information about reaction pathways for methanol production. Information about reaction intermediates and reaction pathways on various catalytic surfaces for preparation of other chemicals is not easily obtainable.…”

Dynamic optimization of methanol synthesis section in the dual type configuration to increase methanol production

“…Currently, methanol has been proposed as a clean alternative green energy source that could be used in the internal combustion and other engines [3]. Although wood distillation is the oldest route to produce methanol, the catalytic syngas conversion is the main commercial technology that carried out in the presence of CuO/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst [4]. The ICI, Lurgi, Mitsubishi, Haldor Topsoe, Linde and Casale companies are common licensors that developed different technologies to convert syngas to methanol [5].…”

Methanol Synthesis – Industrial Challenges within a Changing Raw Material Landscape

“…As with the integration of any new technologies, the use of these new syngas feedstocks and H 2 sources is likely to bring new challenges , . In the scientific literature, numerous publications discuss the effects of synthesis conditions, reactor type or catalyst system on methanol synthesis sufficiently . This review will highlight the challenges and opportunities faced by the chemical process industry concerning forthcoming methanol production based on sustainable feedstocks with a specific regard to steel mill process integration.…”