A brief review of pigeon circovirus infection worldwide

Abstract

Pigeon circovirus infection is an immunosuppressive disease of pigeons caused by a virus called Pigeon circovirus (PiCV), which is identified globally. PiCV, additionally, is responsible for a complex of diseases collectively known as young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) due to its immunosuppressive action (Stenzel and Pestka, 2014). Despite the significant viral loads seen in various tissue samples, notably in the bursa of Fabricius, PiCV is regularly inspected, analyzed, and reported in pigeons less than one-year-old. Most of these birds displayed no symptoms (Todd et al 2002). PiCV infection occurs in meat and racing pigeons and may arise in all ages (A.Stenzel et al 2014). PiCV infection was first recognized in the late 1980s in Canada and Australia (Woods et al 1994). Also, It has been detected in Europe, Asia, and South Africa (A.Stenzel et al 2014). The PiCV was observed to transmit both vertically and horizontally. The virus was found in the colon, cloaca, and feces, indicating fecal-oral transmission (Duchatel et al 2006). This study aims to present information on the global transportation of pigeon circovirus infections, the symptoms that have been recognized as the disease has developed, and the diagnostic techniques that have recently been established for the detection of pigeon circovirus. Cousetave agentThe disease was caused by Pigeon circovirus (PiCV), which belongs to the family of Circoviridae, species Pigeon circovirus of the genus of Circovirus. In 2005, the viral species was officially accepted as a new species of the genus Circovirus. Circoviridae belongs to the order Cirlivirales, class Asfiviricetes, phylum Cressdnaviricota, kingdom Shotokuvirae, and realm Monodnaviria as it is revealed in the viral taxonomic report 2019 (Silva et al 2022). Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is a non-enveloped, small virus with a circular and single-stranded DNA genome of the average size of 2.0 kb; there is a slight variation in PiCV among length with other strains (Cságola et al 2012). Todd et al (2008) showed that the PiCV genome comprises two genes transcribed bidirectionally from a double-stranded replicative intermediate. The virion sense gene rep encoded the replication protein (Rep) of the virus, while the capsid protein (Cap) was by the complementary sense gene cap (Todd et al 2001). PiCV, like other circoviruses, is genetically varied and tends to be genetic. PiCV transmissionBoth vertical and horizontal transmission of PiCV were noticed. Fecal-oral virus transmission was revealed by its detection in the intestine, cloaca, and feces. (Duchatel et al 2006). Also, a respiratory route of viral transmission has been suggested when the bird inhales the contaminated feather dust. The previous reports of the virus detection in the pharynx, trachea, and lungs raise the possibility that respiratory tissues might be a strategic location for the virus's replication and Abstract Pigeon circovirus infection is an immunosuppressive disease of pigeons carried on by the widely recognized virus known as Pigeon circovirus (...