A brief review on lavatory cleaning devices and their feasibility in public toilets in developing countries

Krishnan, R. Hari

doi:10.1007/s41315-020-00143-2

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…There is also a need for improved methods for disinfecting problem areas such as the region below the toilet rim and the area just below the water line where the formation of biofilms has been observed. New methods such as the use of a disinfectants that would adhere to the side of the toilet bowl for a longer period or ones with a longer residual effect or new methods for the physical removal of the area by cleaning should be investigated, such as improved scrubbing device or a chemical method (Wang et al 2019;Krishnan 2020). These approaches would aid in the reduction of odours and aerosols.…”

Section: Future Research and Directions To Improve Toilet Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

“…New methods such as the use of a disinfectants that would adhere to the side of the toilet bowl for a longer period or ones with a longer residual effect or new methods for the physical removal of the area by cleaning should be investigated, such as improved scrubbing device or a chemical method (Wang et al . 2019 ; Krishnan 2020 ). These approaches would aid in the reduction of odours and aerosols.…”

Section: Future Research and Directions To Improve Toilet Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

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Toilet hygiene—review and research needs

et al. 2021

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The goal of good toilet hygiene is minimizing the potential for pathogen transmission. Control of odours is also socially important and believed to be a societal measure of cleanliness. Understanding the need for good cleaning and disinfecting is even more important today considering the potential spread of emerging pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 virus. While the flush toilet was a major advancement in achieving these objectives, exposure to pathogens can occur from failure to clean and disinfect areas within a restroom, as well as poor hand hygiene. The build-up of biofilm within a toilet bowl/urinal including sink can result in the persistence of pathogens and odours. During flushing, pathogens can be ejected from the toilet bowl/urinal/sink and be transmitted by inhalation and contaminated fomites. Use of automatic toilet bowl cleaners can reduce the number of microorganisms ejected during a flush. Salmonella bacteria can colonize the underside of the rim of toilets and persist up to 50 days. Pathogenic enteric bacteria appear in greater numbers in the biofilm found in toilets than in the water. Source tracking of bacteria in homes has demonstrated that during cleaning enteric bacteria are transferred from the toilet to the bathroom sinks and that these same bacteria colonize cleaning tools used in the restroom. Quantitative microbial risk assessment has shown that significant risks exist from both aerosols and fomites in restrooms. Cleaning with soaps and detergents without the use of disinfectants in public restrooms may spread bacteria and viruses throughout the restroom. Odours in restrooms are largely controlled by ventilation and flushing volume in toilet/ urinals. However, this results in increased energy and water usage. Contamination of both the air and surfaces in restrooms is well documented. Better quantification of the risks of infection are needed as this will help determine what interventions will minimize these risks.

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Section: Future Research and Directions To Improve Toilet Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Research and Directions To Improve Toilet Hygienementioning

confidence: 99%

Toilet hygiene—review and research needs

et al. 2021

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Sensitivity of seasonal migration to climatic variability in central India

Choksi

Singh

et al. 2021

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Extreme climatic events and variability are on the rise around the world, with varying implications for populations across socio-economic conditions. Effective strategies for climate adaptation and development depend on understanding these differential sensitivities to climatic variability. This study focuses on a vulnerable population living in forest-fringe villages of central India, where seasonal migration is a common livelihood strategy for poor households to supplement their incomes with remittances. We quantify the relative sensitivity of a decision to migrate for the first time to climate and socio-economic variables and how the sensitivities vary for different segments of the population. We surveyed 5000 households in 500 forest-fringe villages to identify patterns of migration from 2013 to 2017. Using a mixed-effects logistic regression model, we predicted the probability of first-time migration of a household member based on climate variables and household- and district-level characteristics. We find that households in more agricultural and prosperous districts experience lower rates of migration but are more sensitive to climatic variability than households in poorer districts. The probability of first-time migration from a household in the most prosperous district increases by approximately 40% with one standard deviation in mean maximum temperature or rainfall from the 1981–2017 mean. However, the probability of migration does not vary as a function of climatic variability for households in the poorest district. We attribute this difference in sensitivities to the greater dependence on agriculture and irrigation in more prosperous districts and poverty-driven dependence on migration regardless of the climate in poorer districts. Households investing remittances from migration in agricultural intensification could become increasingly sensitive to climate variability, particularly with water shortages and projected increases in climate variability in the region. Promotion of non-agricultural livelihood options and climate-resilient agriculture could the reduce sensitivity of migration to climate variability in the study region.

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A brief review on lavatory cleaning devices and their feasibility in public toilets in developing countries

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Toilet hygiene—review and research needs

Toilet hygiene—review and research needs

Sensitivity of seasonal migration to climatic variability in central India

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