A Brief Review on Validation for Heat Treatment Simulation

Abstract

Heat treatment simulation has progressed to the stage where several commercial software are available. Validations of simulation functions using experimental results contributed to this realization. Organizing information on the validations may be effective for maintaining the functions and educating users about the nature of the phenomena. For this reason, the author here briefly reviews mainly his validation cases. Since experiments using specimens having relatively simple shapes can reveal the essence of complex phenomena, the results have been used in the validations. When the basic functions such as heat transfer, phase transformation, latent heat, and hardness prediction were comprehensively validated in the early stages of software development, the author used experimental results of the inverse hardening in quenched steel cylinders. After that, his validations of the software at the stage where adding stress and strain analysis functions, used effectively measurement data of length and diameter changes, and residual stress distributions in normally quenched steel cylinders. While, it was also worth to validate curving in long specimens cooled unevenly, which included a case of specimens with a similar cross-section to the Japanese sword. In addition, the author validated distortions and residual stresses in carburized and quenched, induction hardened, and also nitrided specimens.

Elucidation of Blade Curving Mechanism in Japanese Sword Quenching Using the Simulated Strains-Based Approach

“…Although the cross-sectional geometry of the MJS specimens is somewhat different, the model of the JS specimen was used for convenience. The commercial software DEFORM•-HT 11) was used to simulate the quenching experiments. The mechanical and thermal conductivity properties of the MJS-SUS304 specimen model were established from the SUS304 base material data, which were contained in the collection of high-temperature material property data on dissimilar metal welding in reactor pressure vessel.…”

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research on the Quenching Process of 1045 Steel Based on Thermo–Fluid–Solid Coupling Model

“…To implement a thermo-fluid-solid coupling model for the quenching cooling process, first, the heat transfer model on the fluid-solid coupling surface should be established. To address [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] www.advancedsciencenews.com l www.steel-research.de steel research int. 2024, 95, 2300295 the issue of large velocity and temperature gradient changes near the wall, the wall function method is often used to calculate the coupling heat transfer at the fluid-solid interface.…”

“…[9] Thus, the required heat transfer coefficient for different quenching process simulations is also different, which results in the need for an enormous database of heat transfer coefficients to accommodate different quenching processes. [10] In addition, the heat transfer coefficients measured by different researchers [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have large differences, as shown in Figure 1. Although the trends in the measured heat transfer coefficient for water are similar, the peak values vary greatly, with a maximum relative error of up to 90%.…”

“…Figure 1. Comparison of heat transfer coefficients of water in different literature studies [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. …”

Predictions and Experiments on the Distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A C-ring during Carburizing and Quenching Process

“…With the development of computer simulation technology, theoretical models and finite element analysis methods have gradually improved, providing new ways to control heat treatment distortion. Some scholars have used numerical simulation to conduct in-depth analysis of carburizing and quenching [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Silva et al simulated the quenching process of an AISI 4140 steel C-ring in oil, covering the analysis of the distortion caused by both thermal contraction and phase transformation [6].…”