Smart surfaces with superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic
characteristics
can be controlled by external stimuli, such as temperature. These
transitions are attributed to the molecular-level conformation of
the grafted polymer chains due to the varied interactions at the interface.
Here, tunable surfaces were prepared by grafting two well-known thermo-responsive
polymers, poly(
N
-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and
poly(oligoethylene glycol)methyl ether acrylate (POEGMA
188
) onto micro-pollen particles of uniform morphology and roughness.
Direct Raman spectra and thermodynamic analyses revealed that above
the lower critical solution temperature, the bonded and free water
at the interface partially transformed to intermediate water that
disrupted the “water cage” surrounding the hydrophobic
groups. The increased amounts of intermediate water produced hydrogen
bonding networks that were less ordered around the polymer grafted
microparticles, inducing a weaker binding interaction at the interface
and a lower tendency to wet the surface. Combining the roughness factor,
the bulk surface assembled by distinct polymer-grafted-pollen microparticles
(PNIPAM or POEGMA
188
) could undergo a different wettability
transition for liquid under air, water, and oil. This work identifies
new perspectives on the interfacial water structure variation at a
multiple length scale, which contributed to the temperature-dependent
surface wettability transition. It offers inspiration for the application
of thermo-responsive surface to liquid-gated multiphase separation,
water purification and harvesting, biomedical devices, and printing.