A built‐in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering‐active microneedle for sampling in vivo and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering detection ex vivo of NO

Abstract

For sampling in vivo and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection ex vivo, a built‐in SERS‐active microneedle is fabricated by adsorbing gold nanoshells (GNSs; as built‐in SERS‐active materials) in a corroded groove on an acupuncture needle. 3,4‐diaminobenzene‐thiol adsorbed on the GNSs is used as a selective SERS probe to detect nitric oxide (NO). The SERS‐active microneedles take SERS probes into the tissues of living mice with minimal invasion to react with NO selectively and then they are pulled out for direct and rapid SERS detection without any pretreatment steps or tedious operations. The built‐in SERS‐active microneedle would become a versatile platform for sampling in vivo and SERS detection ex vivo, taking SERS beyond culture cells to living animals.

A Multiplexed SERS-Active Microneedle for Simultaneous Redox Potential and pH Measurements in Rat Joints

“…Fabrication of a Multiplexed SERS-Active Microneedle for Detecting Redox Potential and pH Simultaneously. The two separated grooves were electrochemically corroded similarly to a previous report, 20 and a modified step includes the PS layer being cut twice with a blade at 0.65 and 0.5 cm from the tip, respectively, as electrochemical corrosion sites to form two grooves. The gold nanoshells (GNSs) with a diameter of 175 nm were used as SERS substrates to structure redox-sensitive SERS probes (AQ on GNSs) and pH-sensitive SERS probes (4-MBA on GNSs), as previously reported.…”

“…Acupuncture needles, used in Chinese traditional medicine, are minimally invasive into the body. In our previously reports, SERS-active microneedles were structured by adsorbed SERS-active materials on an acupuncture needle to achieve minimally invasive sampling in vivo and direct Raman detection ex vivo . − Various ingenious design and fabrication allowed the SERS-active microneedles to become ideal miniaturized SERS substrates to avoid adverse effects of common SERS substrates used in vivo and to solve application of SERS from the culture cells to living animals. However, a SERS-active microneedle only detected a single object, and could not detect two or more ones, which is a general question in detection using SERS substrates.…”

Present and Future of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

“…From the endosomal system, nanoprobes can be targeted to other organelles, for example, the nucleus, where processes related to drug- and/or NP-induced apoptosis and DNA structure can be monitored by SERS. Considering the therapeutic possibilities of the NPs and all reporter-based sensing enabled by SERS, for example, monitoring of pH, , presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), , NO signaling, or even temperature, , a whole SERS-based toolbox for monitoring cellular physiology is at hand. In addition to the nucleus, mitochondria have also been targeted and can be observed by SERS, , in particular, due to their important role in apoptosis …”

Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part XIII

“…Han and co‐workers described a built‐in SERS‐active microneedle for sampling in vivo and SERS detection ex vivo of nitric oxide. They built‐in SERS‐active microneedle is a versatile platform for taking SERS beyond culture cells and into living animals . Li et al described a high‐performance composite imprinted sensor based on the SERS for selective detection of 2,6‐dichlorophenol in water.…”