2012
DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9399-3
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A Cannabigerol Quinone Alleviates Neuroinflammation in a Chronic Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract: Phytocannabinoids like ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) show a beneficial effect on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes through cell membrane cannabinoid receptor (CBr)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Natural and synthetic cannabinoids also target the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), an attractive molecular target for the treatment of neuroinflammation. As part of a study on the SAR of phytocannabinoids, we have investigated th… Show more

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Cited by 139 publications
(135 citation statements)
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“…Δ 9 -THC (Lyman et al, 1989;Arévalo-Martín et al, 2003;Pryce et al, 2003 andMaresz et al, 2007), CBD (Kozela et al, 2011;Mecha et al, 2013;Pryce et al, 2014), or with additional cannabinoids, e.g. ' 8 -THC (Wirguin et al, 1994), cannabigerol quinone (Granja et al, 2012;Carrillo-Salinas et al, 2014), WIN55,212-2 (Pryce et al, 2003;Mestre et al, 2009;de Lago et al, 2012), HU-210 (Aarabi et al, 2011), and inhibitors of the endocannabinoid inactivation (Loría et al, 2010). It remains, however, to be established whether lower doses of these botanical drug substances are immunosuppressive as previous studies have related Δ 9 -THCinduced immunosuppression at doses above 5 mg/kg to cannabimimetic effects (Croxford et al 2008).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Δ 9 -THC (Lyman et al, 1989;Arévalo-Martín et al, 2003;Pryce et al, 2003 andMaresz et al, 2007), CBD (Kozela et al, 2011;Mecha et al, 2013;Pryce et al, 2014), or with additional cannabinoids, e.g. ' 8 -THC (Wirguin et al, 1994), cannabigerol quinone (Granja et al, 2012;Carrillo-Salinas et al, 2014), WIN55,212-2 (Pryce et al, 2003;Mestre et al, 2009;de Lago et al, 2012), HU-210 (Aarabi et al, 2011), and inhibitors of the endocannabinoid inactivation (Loría et al, 2010). It remains, however, to be established whether lower doses of these botanical drug substances are immunosuppressive as previous studies have related Δ 9 -THCinduced immunosuppression at doses above 5 mg/kg to cannabimimetic effects (Croxford et al 2008).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, it has been reported that cannabidiol binds to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in vitro (O’Sullivan et al, 2009; Granja et al, 2012). PPARγ regulates the expression of genes related to lipid and glucose homeostasis as well as inflammatory responses.…”
Section: Cannabidiol: Potential Mechanism Of Actionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These autoimmune processes are paralleled by a continuous activation of resident macrophages/microglia, which potentiate the inflammatory response by producing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, along with reactive oxidants (Gandhi et al 2010). Especially thanks to animal models of MS, i.e., experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), a great deal of evidence has been a c c u m u l a t e d f o r a r o l e o f c a n n a b i n o i d s i n t h e immunopathogenesis of MS. To date, it is clear that not only the cannabinoid system is profoundly altered in MS patients (Centonze et al 2007;Maccarrone et al 2011;Chiurchiu et al 2013), but also that phyCBs and syCBs have the potential to exert a myriad of immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects (Pryce and Baker 2012;Granja et al 2012;Jawahar et al 2013). These findings paved the way to multiple clinical trials with cannabinoids and, at present, the cannabinoid oral spray Nabiximol®, which is a 1:10 mixture of the two cannabinoids THC and CBD, is available in the UK, in some European and Asian countries, but not yet in the U.S.A. (Sanchez and Garcia-Merino 2012).…”
Section: Cannabinoid-based Modulation Of Neuroinflammatory Diseasesmentioning
confidence: 99%