A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men

Colt, Joanne S.; Friesen, Melissa C.; Stewart, Patricia A.; Park, Dong-Uk; Johnson, Alison; Schwenn, Molly; Karagas, Margaret R.; Armenti, Karla; Waddell, Richard; Verrill, Castine; Ward, Mary H.; Freeman, Laura E. Beane; Moore, Lee E.; Koutros, Stella; Baris, Dalsu; Silverman, Debra T.

doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-102056

Cited by 50 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…For bladder cancer, mortality studies are often underpowered to identify occupational risk, as in the case of some cohort studies of metalworkers. 36 Thus for less lethal cancers, the PAF is better applied to incident case numbers than deaths in order not to underestimate the attributable numbers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The proportion of cancer attributable to occupational exposures

Purdue

Hutchings

Rushton

et al. 2015

Annals of Epidemiology

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Purpose To review the literature on the estimation of the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer due to occupational exposures and to describe challenges in the estimation of this metric. To help illustrate the inherent challenges, we also estimate PAFs for selected cancers diagnosed in the United States in 2010 attributable to work as a painter (causally associated with bladder and lung cancer) and shiftwork (possibly associated with breast cancer). Methods We reviewed and summarized previous reports providing quantitative estimates of PAF for total cancer due to occupational exposures. We calculated PAF estimates for painters and shiftwork using methodology from a detailed investigation of the occupational cancer burden in Great Britain, with adaptations made for the U.S. population. Results The estimated occupation-attributable fraction for total cancer generally ranged between 2% and 8% (men, 3-14%; women, 1-2%) based on previous reports. We calculated that employment as a painter accounted for a very small proportion of cancers of the bladder and lung diagnosed in the United States in 2010, with PAFs of 0.5% for each site. In contrast, our calculations suggest that the potential impact of shiftwork on breast cancer (if causal) could be substantial, with a PAF of 5.7%, translating to 11,777 attributable breast cancers. Conclusions Continued efforts to estimate the occupational cancer burden will be important as scientific evidence and economic trends evolve. Such projects should consider the challenges involved in PAF estimation, which we summarize in this report.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The proportion of cancer attributable to occupational exposures

Purdue

Hutchings

Rushton

et al. 2015

Annals of Epidemiology

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“…There is a causal relationship between occupation and bladder cancer risk; our study suggests that occupation may also be related to adverse outcomes after diagnosis. Some of these high-risk occupations have exposures that are known to be related to UBC incidence [13,14], others have exposures that are likely highly heterogeneous. More work is needed to identify the specific exposures that drive these associations and how these exposures may promote UBC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking status, usual adult occupation, and risk of recurrent urothelial bladder carcinoma: data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project

Hurson

Silverman

Friesen

et al. 2016

Cancer Causes Control

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Purpose Tobacco smoking and occupational exposures are the leading risk factors for developing urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC), yet little is known about the contribution of these two factors to risk of UBC recurrence. We evaluated whether smoking status and usual adult occupation are associated with time to UBC recurrence for 406 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer submitted to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Methods Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods were used to assess the association between smoking status, employment in a high-risk occupation for bladder cancer, occupational diesel exhaust exposure, and 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) group and time to UBC recurrence. Results Data on time to recurrence was available for 358 patients over a median follow-up time of 15 months. Of these, 133 (37.2%) experienced a recurrence. Current smokers who smoked for more than 40 pack-years had an increased risk of recurrence compared to never smokers (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1, 4.1). Additionally, employment in a high-risk occupation was associated with a shorter time to recurrence (log-rank P=0.005). We found an increased risk of recurrence for those employed in occupations with probable diesel exhaust exposure (HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.1, 3.0) and for those employed in production occupations (HR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.1, 3.6). Conclusions These findings suggest smoking status impacts risk of UBC recurrence, although several previous studies provided equivocal evidence regarding this association. In addition to the known causal relationship between occupational exposure and bladder cancer risk, our study suggests that occupation may also be related to increased risk of recurrence.

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“…Finally, for each subject/MWF a year was counted once based on the highest probability across all jobs held in that year (some subjects reported more than one job for some years). For presentation purposes, three categories of probability are identified: possible (>0-0.49), probable (0.5-<1.0) and definite (1.0) because these were the categories used in the epidemiologic analysis (11) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the Probability of Exposure to Machining Fluids in a Population-Based Case-Control Study

Park

Colt

Baris

et al. 2014

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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We describe here an approach for estimating the probability that study subjects were exposed to metalworking fluids (MWFs) in a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer. Study subject reports on the frequency of machining and use of specific MWFs (straight, soluble, and synthetic/semi-synthetic) were used to estimate exposure probability when available. Those reports also were used to develop estimates for job groups, which were then applied to jobs without MWF reports. Estimates using both cases and controls and controls only were developed. The prevalence of machining varied substantially across job groups (10-90%), with the greatest percentage of jobs that machined being reported by machinists and tool and die workers. Reports of straight and soluble MWF use were fairly consistent across job groups (generally, 50-70%). Synthetic MWF use was lower (13-45%). There was little difference in reports by cases and controls vs. controls only. Approximately, 1% of the entire study population was assessed as definitely exposed to straight or soluble fluids in contrast to 0.2% definitely exposed to synthetic/semi-synthetics. A comparison between the reported use of the MWFs and the US production levels by decade found high correlations (r generally >0.7). Overall, the method described here is likely to have provided a systematic and reliable ranking that better reflects the variability of exposure to three types of MWFs than approaches applied in the past.

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A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men

Cited by 50 publications

References 38 publications

The proportion of cancer attributable to occupational exposures

The proportion of cancer attributable to occupational exposures

Smoking status, usual adult occupation, and risk of recurrent urothelial bladder carcinoma: data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project

Estimation of the Probability of Exposure to Machining Fluids in a Population-Based Case-Control Study

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