A case–control study of the impact of the East Anglian breast screening programme on breast cancer mortality

Allgood, P; Warwick, Jane; Warren, Ruth; Day, Nicholas E.; Duffy, Stephen W.

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604123

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In contrast, in the case -control studies where the aim is to evaluate service-screening programmes, only mammography tests performed following an invitation have been included in the analysis. The design of these studies is rather similar to ours; in UK the study by Allgood et al (2008) estimated a 65% reduction of breast cancer mortality in women attending screening, whereas the study by Fielder et al (2004) estimated a 38% reduction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…In other recent case -control screening studies, there has been a range of results from small (Elmore et al, 2005) to large benefit (Fielder et al, 2004;Allgood et al, 2008). Elmore's study assesses the efficacy of screening in a context where the screening is based on spontaneous access to mammographic facilities, and the subject's screening history has been extracted from medical records.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To fully control this selection bias, we performed the analysis using the method proposed by Duffy et al (2002b). This method of correction for self-selection bias, which has been used in several case -control studies (Fielder et al, 2004;Allgood et al, 2008), makes the crucial assumption that the relative excess mortality for 'non-compliers' compared with a population not invited for screening is the same in the programme in question as in the RCTs (pooled estimate: 36%). The estimate of the relative mortality obtained from RCTs is too high for the Italian service-screening programme where the participation rate is lower and therefore the difference between compliers and non-compliers is not expected to be so large.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of service screening: a case–control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction

Puliti

Miccinesi

Collina³

et al. 2008

Br J Cancer

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The aim of this study was the evaluation of the impact of service screening programmes on breast cancer mortality in five regions of Italy. We conducted a matched case -control study with four controls for each case. Cases were defined as breast cancer deaths occurred not later than 31 December 2002. Controls were sampled from the local municipality list and matched by date of birth. Screening histories were assessed by the local, computerised, screening database and subjects were classified as either invited or not-yet-invited and as either screened or unscreened. There were a total of 1750 breast cancer deaths within the 50 to 74-year-old breast cancer cases and a total of 7000 controls. The logistic conditional estimate of the cumulative odds ratios comparing invited with not-yet-invited women was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.62 -0.92). Restricting the analyses to invited women, the odds ratio of screened to never-respondent women corrected for self-selection bias was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.36 -0.85). The introduction of breast cancer screening programmes in Italy is associated with a reduction in breast cancer mortality attributable to the additional impact of service screening over and above the background access to mammography.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of service screening: a case–control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction

Puliti

Miccinesi

Collina³

et al. 2008

Br J Cancer

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“…However, several studies have applied a correction factor based on estimates calculated from data from the Swedish and Canadian randomized controlled trials (RCT) by Duffy et al instead of a country-specific or regionally determined selection factor. 3,13 Based on the study by Duffy et al, we anticipated a higher breast cancer mortality rate in the non-screened women. Therefore, the correction factor for self-selection has been estimated as the ratio of the IBM rate in the non-screened women and the IBM rate of the not-invited women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minor influence of self-selection bias on the effectiveness of breast cancer screening in case-control studies in the Netherlands

et al. 2011

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Background Self-selection bias is considered to be a problem when evaluating the effectiveness of breast cancer service screening in case-control studies. Objective Using the incidence-based mortality method (IBM), a correction factor for the potential influence of self-selection can be derived from a group of non-screened women and a group of notinvited women. Methods Breast cancer patients, diagnosed in 1990 -1995 and between the ages of 50 to 70, were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry and five screening regions in the Netherlands. Person-years were calculated for non-screened and not-invited women by using population data available on the number of women invited, the number of women screened and the total population. Incidence-based breast cancer mortality rates according to screening status were calculated for the five screening regions. Results Between 1990-1995, 15,541 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer. An analysis of ten-year follow-up after diagnosis resulted in 3903 breast cancer deaths, of which 2631 were notinvited and 345 were non-screened. Poisson regression analysis showed heterogeneity between the regions with a range of IBM ratios from 0.64 (95% CI: 0.46 -0.90) to 1.08 (95% CI: 0.82 -1.43). Conclusions Heterogeneity between the regions stresses the importance of a country-and/or regionspecific estimate of self-selection. Adjusting for self-selection bias in the regional case-control studies would not change the breast cancer mortality reduction in three regions and would result in an even larger effect in two regions. Looking at the range of IBM ratios the overall influence of selfselection in the Netherlands is minor.

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“…Nevertheless, the effect of being invited to and actually attending mammography screening within a service program requires individual data on screening history, breast cancer diagnosis, and cause of death. As a consequence, case-control study design is increasingly used, showing reductions in the risk of breast cancer death varying between 32% and 48% in the evaluation of organized mammography screening programs (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study

Otto

Fracheboud

Verbeek

et al. 2012

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: Because the efficacy of mammography screening had been shown in randomized controlled trials, the focus has turned on its effectiveness within the daily practice. Using individual data of women invited to screening, we conducted a case-control study to assess the effectiveness of the Dutch populationbased program of mammography screening.Methods: Cases were women who died from breast cancer between 1995 and 2003 and were closely matched to five controls on year of birth, year of first invitation, and number of invitations before case's diagnosis. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between attending either of three screening examinations prior to diagnosis and the risk of breast cancer death were calculated using conditional logistic regression and corrected for self-selection bias.Results: We included 755 cases and 3,739 matched controls. Among the cases, 29.8% was screen-detected, 34.3% interval-detected, and 35.9% never-screened. About 29.5% of the never-screened cases had stage IV tumor compared with 5.3% of the screen-detected and 15.1% of the interval-detected cases. The OR (95% CIs), all ages (49-75 years), was 0.51 (0.40-0.66) and for the age groups 50-69, 50-75, and 70-75 years were 0.61 (0.47-0.79), 0.52 (CI 0.41-0.67), and 0.16 (0.09-0.29), respectively.Conclusion: The study provides evidence for a beneficial effect of early detection by mammography screening in reducing the risk of breast cancer death among women invited to and who attended the screening.Impact: This is the first case-control study that accurately accounts for equal screening opportunity for both cases and matched controls by number of invitations before case's diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 66-73. Ó2011 AACR.

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A case–control study of the impact of the East Anglian breast screening programme on breast cancer mortality

Cited by 59 publications

References 14 publications

Effectiveness of service screening: a case–control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction

Effectiveness of service screening: a case–control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction

Minor influence of self-selection bias on the effectiveness of breast cancer screening in case-control studies in the Netherlands

Mammography Screening and Risk of Breast Cancer Death: A Population-Based Case–Control Study

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