A case-control study on the risk factors of urinary calculus in Uyghur children in the Kashi region

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The incidence of urinary calculus (UC) is very high in Uyghur children in the Kashi region of Xinjiang, China, which seriously affects the growth and life quality of these children. This study was aimed at investigating the risk factors of UC in Uyghur children in Kashi region. One hundred fifteen Uyghur children (age <7 years) with UC who were treated in First People's Hospital in Kashi were enrolled in the case group. A 1:1 case-control study with a questionnaire was performed. The results showed that, among the 115 UC patients, there were more boys (71.3%) than girls (28.7%), and most cases had an onset age of 1-3 years (75.7%). A lower than primary school education in the mother, drinking unboiled water, water intake <500 mL/day, and eating too much sweets were risk factors [odds ratio (OR) = 2.385, 9.160, 3.263, and 8.945, respectively], whereas vegetable intake and exposure to summer sunshine of <2 h/day were protective factors against UC onset (OR = 0.154 and 0.344, respectively). Analysis of UC-related factors in 99 cases of <3-year-old children revealed that breastfeeding was also a protective factor (OR = 0.007), whereas frequent cow's milk intake within 5 months (OR = 2.414) and frequent "panada" intake (OR = 2.529) were risk factors. The occurrence of UC in Uyghur children in the Kashi region is mainly affected by maternal educational background, quality of drinking water, water intake volume, and dietary pattern. Furthermore, geography may also have a role.

Prevalence of urolithiasis among the Uyghur children of China: a population‐based cross‐sectional study

“…It is widely accepted that paediatric urolithiasis is associated with metabolic disorders; inherited problems; UTI; malnutrition; dehydration; and dietary habits, such as high salt and high animal protein diets . In agreement, the present study showed that BMI, UTI, family history of urolithiasis, and excessive sweating were risk factors for stone formation.…”

“…A nationwide epidemic of urolithiasis occurred amongst children 10 years ago in China, which was found to be caused by drinking melamine in powdered‐milk formula, and no new cases appeared after prohibiting the production and drinking of this kind of milk . However, urolithiasis is still common amongst the Uyghur paediatric population . The Uyghur live in Northwestern China, with a population of 10 million .…”

Biochemical metabolic levels and vitamin D receptor FokⅠ gene polymorphisms in Uyghur children with urolithiasis

“…As literatures reported, a high percentage of upper urinary tract stones was associated with metabolic disturbance, which may stem from dietary patterns [13]. A epidemiological survey found the cow milk with higher Ca, P and other mineral contents was long-term fed to infants in the Kashi of Xinjiang, which may lead to an disorder of Ca and P metabolism, and then promoting the development of urolithiasis [41]. Also, more epidemiological investigations indicated high-protein, purine-rich food (such as animal offal, beef and mutton) and excessive intake of dietary sodium salt are common dietary patterns of Uyghur people [7,15,41].…”

“…A epidemiological survey found the cow milk with higher Ca, P and other mineral contents was long-term fed to infants in the Kashi of Xinjiang, which may lead to an disorder of Ca and P metabolism, and then promoting the development of urolithiasis [41]. Also, more epidemiological investigations indicated high-protein, purine-rich food (such as animal offal, beef and mutton) and excessive intake of dietary sodium salt are common dietary patterns of Uyghur people [7,15,41]. A transient excessive consumption of high-protein and high-purine food could increase endogenous acid production and urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, decreasing the excretion of citrate and increasing acid load in the body, and then decreasing urine pH and further resulting in the development of UA/ CaOx stones [7,13].…”

Clinical Profile of Urolithiasis Patients at Radiodiagnosis Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…The increased incidence of urolithiasis has been associated with variations in its epidemiology like change in age, sex distribution of the disease and also changes in terms of type and location of the calculi. [1,2,3] Present study describes clinical profile of urolithiasis patients visiting Radiodiagnosis department of a tertiary care hospital in Solapur district of Maharashtra state in India.…”