A case for bacterial dormancy in aquatic systems

Stevenson, L. Harold

doi:10.1007/bf02014283

Cited by 283 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The reasonable cellular DNA content but high DNA:C ratio in bacteria-sized particles is consistent with the notion of marine bacteria as small "starvation" forms (Stevenson 1978;Morita 1976, 1978;Humphrey et al 1983 Thomas and Batt 1969;Dawes and Large 1970), and DNA becomes a significant proportion of cell biomass.…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

Genetic material in the marine environment: Implication for bacterial DNA

Paul

Carlson

1984

Limnology & Oceanography

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Particulate DNA content (DNAp) in water samples from freshwater, estuarine, and marine environments was measured with the DNA‐specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33258. A good correlation (r = 0.94) was found between DNA content and bacterial number for all samples. Size fractionation with 12‐, 3‐, and 1‐µm Nuclepore filters indicated that the 0.2‐–‐µm fraction contained 40–54% of the total DNAp of fresh/brackish and 71–91% of that of oceanic waters. This fraction also contained most of the bacterioplankton, while the phytoplankton (as indicated by Chl a) was found primarily in the 12–110‐µm fraction. The results suggest that most of the DNAp in the marine environment is associated with bacterioplankton and not with phytoplankton.

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supporting

confidence: 81%

Genetic material in the marine environment: Implication for bacterial DNA

Paul

Carlson

1984

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…active as well as dormant, cells which possess an intact membrane (cf. Stevenson, 1978;Lebaron et al, 2001;Luna et al, 2002). IPL-GDGTs found in sediments and reported up to now as indicative of living Archaea are glycolipids with monohexose-and dihexose-GDGTs and GDGTs with a loss of m/z 341 (Biddle et al, 2006;Lipp and Hinrichs, 2009;Schubotz et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Intact polar and core glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Part II: Selective preservation and degradation in sediments and consequences for the TEX86

Lengger

Hopmans

Reichart

et al. 2012

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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The TEX 86 is a proxy based on a ratio of pelagic archaeal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids (GDGTs), and used for estimating past sea water temperatures. Concerns exist that in situ production of GDGTs lipids by sedimentary Archaea may affect its validity. In this study, we investigated the influence of benthic GDGT production on the TEX 86 by analyzing the concentrations and distributions of GDGTs present as intact polar lipids (IPLs) and as core lipids (CLs) in three sediment cores deposited under contrasting redox conditions across a depth range from 900 to 3000 m below sea level in and below the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Direct analysis of IPLs with crenarchaeol as CL via HPLC/ESI-MS 2 revealed that surface sediments in the OMZ were relatively depleted in the phospholipid hexose, phosphohexose (HPH)-crenarchaeol compared to suspended particulate matter from the water column, suggesting preferential and rapid degradation of this IPL. In sediment cores recovered from deeper, more oxic environments, concentrations of HPH-crenarchaeol peaked at the surface, probably due to in situ production by ammonia-oxidizing Archaea, followed by a rapid decrease with increasing depth. No surface maximum was observed in the sediment core from within the OMZ. In contrast, the glycolipids, monohexose-crenarchaeol and dihexose-crenarchaeol, did not change in concentration with depth in the sediment, indicating that they were relatively well preserved and likely mostly derived from fossil pelagic GDGTs. These results suggest that phospholipids are more sensitive to degradation, while glycolipids might be preserved over longer time scales, in line with previous incubation and modeling studies. Furthermore, in situ produced IPL-GDGTs did not accumulate as IPLs, and did not influence the CL-TEX 86 . This suggests that in-situ produced GDGT lipids were more susceptible to degradation than fossil CL and IPL and did not accumulate as CL. In agreement, no significant changes of TEX 86 with sediment depth in the core lipids were observed. However, consistent differences between IPL-derived TEX 86 and CL-TEX 86 were found. These could be explained by a different composition of CL-GDGT of the glyco-and phospholipids, in combination with dissimilar degradation rates of phospholipids vs. glycolipids. We also observed consistent differences in both IPL-derived and CL-TEX 86 between the different cores, equivalent to 3°C when converted to temperature, despite the proximity of the core locations. These differences may potentially be due to a larger addition of GDGTs produced in deeper, colder waters to the (sub)surface-derived GDGTs for the deeper core sites.

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“…It has been argued (e.g. Stevenson 1978) that free bacteria are inactive because they require high substrate concentrations for growth. Particle microenvironments were 'E-mail-aquadoc@uga.edu "Present address: Gulf Ecology Division, USEPA, 1 Sabine Island Drive, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561, USA thought to contain the elevated substrate concentrations assumed to be necessary for the growth of bacteria and thus, it was inferred, only bacteria closely associated with particles could be active.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similarity of particle-associated and free-living bacterial communities in northern San Francisco Bay, California

Hollibaugh¹,

Wong²,

Murrell³

2000

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

138

123

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We used denatunng gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 1 6 s rDNA PCR amphcons to analyze the composition of Bacterla communities in samples collected during the summer, low flow season from northern San Francisco Bay, California. There were clear compositional differences in communities sampled at different locations in the Bay and at different times of the year. Particle-associated (attached) and free-living (free) bacteria in a given sample were generally more s u n~l a r than communities in different samples. At times, the attached and free communities in a sample appeared ~dentical, suggesting a fairly rapid exchange between them. The free-living community tended to be richer (more operational taxonomic units [OTU] per sample) than the attached comn~unity; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Richness declined through the summer. The richest samples were collected on the J u n e cruise (51 OTU sample-') while the least rich samples were collected on the September crulse (21 OTU sample-'). The number of distinct OTUs encountered in all samples from a cruise ranged from 61 (April) to 45 (October). The greatest number of unique OTUs (26) was found in April samples while the fewest (3) was found in September There was no consistent hierarchy of richness between samples. Sample groups representing location and size fractions contained from 55 to 61 d~fferent OTUs and from 8 to 18 unique (found only once) OTUs. An average of 23% of the OTUs from a given station and size fraction were unlque whlle an average of 5.5% were found on all cruises. Ubiquitous OTUs (found at all stations) ranged from 34 % (free-living, J u n e ) to 7 % (free-living, August) of the distlnct OTUs encountered on a given crulse. Our results suggest little difference in the biogeochemical role played by attached versus free bacteria in San Francisco Bay, particularly in the estuarine turb~dity maximum These results are generally consistent with our analyses of the metabolic potential of these communities.

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A case for bacterial dormancy in aquatic systems

Cited by 283 publications

References 28 publications

Genetic material in the marine environment: Implication for bacterial DNA

Genetic material in the marine environment: Implication for bacterial DNA

Intact polar and core glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Part II: Selective preservation and degradation in sediments and consequences for the TEX86

Similarity of particle-associated and free-living bacterial communities in northern San Francisco Bay, California

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