“…In cell culture, Blood Substitute acts as hemoglobin, but with the ability to passively accept all respiratory gases because it is constantly equilibrated with air in our ventilated, open system perfusion platform that eliminates the need for large scale equipment to charge PFC emulsions with 95% oxygen. The Blood Substitute is similar to gas-carrier PFC liquids used in neonatal liquid ventilation (Hirschl et al, 1995;Shaffer et al, 1999;Hirschl, 2017;Eichenwald et al, 2020;Kohlhauer et al, 2020), liquid breathing (Kylstra, 1974), lung atelectasis (Henrichsen et al, 2012;Bali et al, 2017), organ preservation (Matsumoto and Kuroda, 2002;Matsumoto, 2005), and artificial blood (Riess, 2005;Spiess, 2009Spiess, , 2010, but contains only one molecule with two elements, carbon and fluorine. When used in clinical or in vivo research applications, PFCs do not mix with any bodily fluids or enter tissues, and do not support microbial growth.…”