A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us not put out the baby with the bathwater

Arntz, Wolf; Gili, Josep María

doi:10.3989/scimar.2001.65s2283

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…On short timescales, pelagic larvae, including taxa that went extinct during Antarctic cooling, might be at an advantage to successfully (re-)colonize Antarctica following glaciation by crossing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, compared with species without pelagic lifehistory forms, which need to conquer Antarctica by migrating through the deep sea, which might take Box 1. Thorson's concept of marine invertebrate reproduction Developed by Thorson [11,12] and later known as Thorson's rule [8,13,14] is the controversial concept [10,28,56] that there is a globalscale latitudinal gradient in the distribution of planktotrophic larvae (Figure Ia, modified, with permission, from [57]). Thorson concluded that this pattern, together with an increased energy investment in single offspring with increasing latitude (Figure Ib), is an adaptation to the mismatch of prolonged developmental times and short seasons of food availability (i.e.…”

Section: Extinction In the Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of Antarctic marine benthic community structure

Thatje

Hillenbrand

Larter

2005

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

250

274

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Section: Extinction In the Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of Antarctic marine benthic community structure

Thatje

Hillenbrand

Larter

2005

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

250

274

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“…This durable hypothesis remains current (e.g., Arntz and Gili, 2001;Thatje et al, 2003Thatje et al, , 2005b, although little or no evidence supports it. Indeed, planktotrophic larvae of a wide range of taxa are well known in polar seas (see above).…”

Section: Low Temperature and Slow Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This notion was persuasively reinforced by Thorson (1936Thorson ( , 1950, who focused on gastropods in the Northern Hemisphere, and Mileikovsky (1971), who termed it "Thorson's rule." Both Thorson (1936) and Mileikovsky (1971), however, recognized many exceptions, and subsequently, with more information and reanalyses of earlier data, the generality of Thorson's rule weakened substantially (Pearse et al, 1991;Clarke, 1992;Hain and Arnaud, 1992;Pearse, 1994;Young, 1994;Stanwell-Smith et al, 1999;Arntz and Gili, 2001;Schluter and Rachor, 2001;Absher et al, 2003;Sewell, 2005;Vázquez et al, 2007;Fetzer and Arntz, 2008). We now know that many of the most abundant species in Antarctic waters, especially those in shallow water, have pelagic larvae as in other areas of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brooding and Species Diversity in the Southern Ocean: Selection for Brooders or Speciation within Brooding Clades?

Pearse¹,

Mooi²,

Lockhart³

et al. 2009

Smithsonian at the Poles : Contributions to International Polar Year Science

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“…Some of these even have planktotrophic larvae, which raises doubts on the general validity of this rule. However, meroplanktonic larvae are still not as common in the Antarctic as would be expected from the high number of benthic species (reviewed by Arntz et al, 1994;Arntz and Gili, 2001). In contrast to the Southern Ocean, high abundances of invertebrate larvae occur in the Magellan region (Antezana, 1999;Defren-Jason et al, 1999;Thatje et al, 2003).…”

Section: Meroplanktonic Larvaementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of zooplankton in the pelagic-benthic coupling of the Southern Ocean

Schnack-Schiel

Isla

2005

Sci. Mar.

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SUMMARY: Zooplankton contributes in different ways to pelagic-benthic coupling: Their faecal material is a major route of energy flow and the vertical migrations of many species as well as the production of pelagic larvae by benthic organisms represent different paths to link the two subsystems. Antarctic particle fluxes have been shown to be highly variable in size and composition within a given region and even at the same site from year to year. There are also differences throughout the water column, where particle fluxes close to the sea floor beyond the continental shelf break do not normally show seasonal variation within shallow environments. Commonly, at depths shallower than 500 m, the most evident feature is that more than 90% of the annual fluxes occur during a short period of the spring-summer. This event is masked near the seabed at greater depths due to resupension and lateral advection of particles. Faecal material of various origins is one of the main constituents of the biogenic matter flux. It usually reaches its maximum in February once the early phytoplankton bloom has developed. However, the presence of faecal pellets is ubiquitous during the months of the year when there is enough light to support primary production. At this stage more research is needed to elucidate the particular role of distinct taxaincluding among others salps, krill, copepods and protozoans-in the transport of organic matter to the benthos, and their contribution to the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon. Aggregation of particles is another important process controlling the development and dynamics of pelagic-benthic coupling due to its influence on the sinking velocity of particles and the enhancement of organic matter utilisation by members of the microbial loop in the upper layers of the water column. Also in shallow waters, aggregation favours the transfer of high-quality organic matter to the benthic realm. At greater depths resuspended aggregates and single particles from shallow environments may constitute a considerable fraction of the "fresh" biogenic flux. Submarine canyons accelerate and cause more efficient transfer of energy to the deep-sea benthos. Both faecal pellets and aggregation increase the original sinking velocity of individual particles and reduce their residence time in the water column, thus creating rich organic mats over the seabed in shallow environments. In the Southern Ocean these rapid organic matter transfers are important since they allow the accumulation of highly nutritive material, which may fuel the benthos during the dark months due to constant resuspension by tidal currents. Several factors control the particle fluxes in the Southern Ocean, such as size and composition of phytoplankton blooms, currents, seasonality, depth, and ice coverage. Due to this complexity, despite many efforts there is still a long way to go before the pathway of this ecologically important link can be fully understood and described. Our knowledge of the pelagic-benthic coupli...

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A case for tolerance in marine ecology: let us not put out the baby with the bathwater

Cited by 40 publications

References 88 publications

On the origin of Antarctic marine benthic community structure

On the origin of Antarctic marine benthic community structure

Brooding and Species Diversity in the Southern Ocean: Selection for Brooders or Speciation within Brooding Clades?

The role of zooplankton in the pelagic-benthic coupling of the Southern Ocean

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