A case of male breast cancer in association with bicalutamide-induced gynaecomastia

Male Breast Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Current Therapeutic Approaches

“…Both are hormonal responsive tumours. According to several reports long term use of anti-androgens and oestrogens in the treatment of prostatic cancer has resulted in MBC (Dicker et al, 2003;Thellenberg et al, 2003;Coard et al, 2004;Chianakwalam et al, 2005). External radiation has been associated with a few cases of MBC, for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease (Cutuli et al, 2001).…”

The ‘other half’ of breast cancer: A review of male breast cancer

“…BRCA2 also increases the risk of prostatic cancer risk [37]. There are reports that long-term use of anti-androgens and oestrogens in the treatment of prostatic cancer has resulted in MBC [38,27,39]. Cirrhosis is reported to be related [40], the postulated cause being hyperoestrogenaemia associated with liver failure.…”

Is routine pathological evaluation of tissue from gynecomastia necessary? A 15-year retrospective pathological and literature review

“…MBC is a rare neoplastic process, accounting for only 0.17% of male neoplasms and <0.1% of overall cancer-related mortality in men, occurring at a mean age of 60 years (12,22,23). The precise carcinogenesis of MBC remains poorly understood, with current understandings of female breast cancer pathogenesis being nontransferable to the understanding of the development of the male counterpart (23,24,25).…”

“…Within the peripheral adipose tissue, androgens are aromatized to estradiole and androstenedione to estrone; therefore, obese males have increased estrogen levels. In contrast, the hypoestrogenic effects of cigarette smoking may be protective against MBC (22,28). C. Environmental exposure to radiation, high temperatures (occupational) or electromagnetic fields has been attributed to a higher breast cancer risk in men.…”