A case study of aerosol (4.6nm&lt;Dp&lt;10μm) number and mass size distribution measurements in a busy street canyon in Manchester, UK

Longley, Ian; Gallagher, Martin; Dorsey, J. R.; Flynn, Michael J.; Allan, J. D.; Alfarra, M. Rami; Inglis, D. W. F.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00010-4

Cited by 62 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Thus, developing a proper air pollution regulatory framework requires the characterisation of the submicron fraction of airborne particles to aid in determining their emission sources, particularly in hot-spot areas. Whilst urban aerosols properties, such as number and mass concentrations and chemical composition, have been extensively addressed, data characterising the PNSD (especially in urban canyons) are relatively sparse (Ketzel et al, 2003;Longley et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and Source Apportionment of Submicron Particle Number Size Distributions in a Busy Street Canyon

Krecl

Targino

Johansson

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Street canyons are well-known hot spots due to the harmful exposure to high concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted mainly by motor vehicles. We report on measurements of air pollutants conducted in a street canyon in Stockholm (Sweden) in spring 2006. Particle number size distributions (PNSD) were measured in the 25-606 nm range, along with total particle number, light-absorbing carbon mass concentration (M LAC ), PM 10 , NO x , CO, traffic rate (TR), vehicle speed and meteorological variables. We used PNSD as input to the positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis to identify and apportion the pollutant sources. All pollutants showed distinct diurnal patterns, with highest concentrations in weekday mornings (08:00-09:00). TR was always higher on weekdays, except for the early hours (00:00-06:00). The raise in the weekend early-hour TR was accompanied by the largest M LAC of the day, a higher NO x /CO ratio compared to weekdays and a modal shift of PNSD towards larger diameters (47-56 nm), indicates a change in the vehicle fleet share to being dominated by diesel-run taxis. The largest contribution to the submicron particles was observed for winds blowing along the canyon, transporting particles emitted by vehicles accelerating from the traffic lights at the intersection, uphill towards the measurement site, and from the nearby streets. Three PMF factors were identified: local emissions from a mixed fleet dominated by gasoline engines, local traffic emissions highly impacted by diesel vehicles, and urban background aerosol. On average, gasoline-fuelled vehicles largely contributed to NO x , and particle number concentrations (54-65%), whereas M LAC sources were dominated by diesel emissions, especially at weekends in the early hours (73%). The urban background contribution was rather low (4-13%) and with little dependence on the weekday. This work demonstrated how particle size distribution measurements, together with M LAC , NO x and CO can be used to quantify the contribution from diesel and gasoline vehicles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and Source Apportionment of Submicron Particle Number Size Distributions in a Busy Street Canyon

Krecl

Targino

Johansson

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…High concentrations of UFP are found in vehicle exhaust, contributing to high number concentrations in street environments Molnar et al, 2002;Longley et al, 2003;Ketzel et al, 2003aKetzel et al, , 2003bGidhagen et al, 2004). At kerbside locations UFP, contribute only marginally to the total mass concentration measured as PM10.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial & temporal variations of PM10 and particle number concentrations in urban air

Johansson

Norman

Gidhagen

2006

Environ Monit Assess

172

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The size of particles in urban air varies over four orders of magnitude (from 0.001 microm to 10 microm in diameter). In many cities only particle mass concentrations (PM10, i.e. particles <10 microm diameter) is measured. In this paper we analyze how differences in emissions, background concentrations and meteorology affect the temporal and spatial distribution of PM10 and total particle number concentrations (PNC) based on measurements and dispersion modeling in Stockholm, Sweden. PNC at densely trafficked kerbside locations are dominated by ultrafine particles (<0.1 microm diameter) due to vehicle exhaust emissions as verified by high correlation with NOx. But PNC contribute only marginally to PM10, due to the small size of exhaust particles. Instead wear of the road surface is an important factor for the highest PM10 concentrations observed. In Stockholm, road wear increases drastically due to the use of studded tires and traction sand on streets during winter; up to 90% of the locally emitted PM10 may be due to road abrasion. PM10 emissions and concentrations, but not PNC, at kerbside are controlled by road moisture. Annual mean urban background PM10 levels are relatively uniformly distributed over the city, due to the importance of long range transport. For PNC local sources often dominate the concentrations resulting in large temporal and spatial gradients in the concentrations. Despite these differences in the origin of PM10 and PNC, the spatial gradients of annual mean concentrations due to local sources are of equal magnitude due to the common source, namely traffic. Thus, people in different areas experiencing a factor of 2 different annual PM10 exposure due to local sources will also experience a factor of 2 different exposure in terms of PNC. This implies that health impact studies based solely on spatial differences in annual exposure to PM10 may not separate differences in health effects due to ultrafine and coarse particles. On the other hand, health effect assessments based on time series exposure analysis of PM10 and PNC, should be able to observe differences in health effects of ultrafine particles versus coarse particles.

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“…Numerous aerosol number size distribution and number concentration measurements has been conducted in urban environments in developed countries like United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Finland (Hämeri et al, 1996;Williams et al, 1998;Shi et al, 2001;Woo et al, 2001;Wehner et al, 2002;Longley et al, 2003). The studies that have examined number size distribution or number conCorrespondence to: P. Mönkkönen (petteri.monkkonen@helsinki.fi) centration of aerosols in Asia, Latin America or Africa are very few (Baumgardner et al, 2000;Jayaratne and Verma, 2001;Mitra and Sharma, 2002;Mönkkönen et al, 2004a;Mönkkönen et al, 2004b;Mönkkönen et al, 2005) even though the air pollution problem is particularly serious in the mega cities of South and East Asia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traffic has been observed to be one major primary source of nucleation mode (D p <25 nm) particles (Longley et al, 2003;Shi et al, 2001) and it is also the major source of ultrafine particles in New Delhi (Mitra and Sharma, 2002). One solution for decreasing air pollution in New Delhi has been applying Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements in a highly polluted Asian mega city: observations of aerosol number size distribution, modal parameters and nucleation events

et al. 2005

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Abstract. Diurnal variation of number size distribution (particle size 3-800 nm) and modal parameters (geometric standard deviation, geometric mean diameter and modal aerosol particle concentration) in a highly polluted urban environment was investigated during October and November 2002 in New Delhi, India. Continuous monitoring for more than two weeks with the time resolution of 10 min was conducted using a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (twin DMPS). The results indicated clear increase in Aitken mode (25-100 nm) particles during traffic peak hours, but towards the evenings there were more Aitken mode particles compared to the mornings. Also high concentrations of accumulation mode particles (>100 nm) were detected in the evenings only. In the evenings, biomass/refuse burning and cooking are possible sources beside the traffic. We have also shown that nucleation events are possible in this kind of atmosphere even though as clear nucleation events as observed in rural sites could not be detected. The formation rate of 3 nm particles (J3) of the observed events varied from 3.3 to 13.9 cm −3 s −1 and the growth rate varied from 11.6 to 18.1 nmh −1 showing rapid growth and high formation rate, which seems to be typical in urban areas.

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A case study of aerosol (4.6nm<Dp<10μm) number and mass size distribution measurements in a busy street canyon in Manchester, UK

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Characterisation and Source Apportionment of Submicron Particle Number Size Distributions in a Busy Street Canyon

Characterisation and Source Apportionment of Submicron Particle Number Size Distributions in a Busy Street Canyon

Spatial & temporal variations of PM10 and particle number concentrations in urban air

Measurements in a highly polluted Asian mega city: observations of aerosol number size distribution, modal parameters and nucleation events

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