A Case Study of an Optimal Detailed Analysis of a Standalone Photovoltaic/Battery System for Electricity Supply in Rural and Remote Areas

Abstract

This paper focused on a techno-economic study of a standalone PV/battery system for electrical energy supply. For a particular case study in Cameroon, the system is optimally designed thanks to a double-objective firefly optimization algorithm, based on a defined operational strategy. The two objective functions simulated simultaneously using FA are: the cost of energy (COE) function and the function defining the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Different optimal configurations of the system have been obtained on the Pareto front with respect to their LPSP. For a total load demand of 20196.7 kWh, the lowest cost configuration with LPSP of 0% is composed by a number of 63 modules and a battery capacity of 370.295 kWh. The related COE is 0.2587 $/kWh, corresponding to a total net present cost of 87422 $. However with this configuration, the energy of batteries could not be able solely to respond to the energy demand for 3 continuous days. In that case, the increase of the PV power production (by increasing the number of PV modules) could allow to the batteries to fulfil this deficiency. But this solution increases the investment cost to up to 11.17%, considering a system with 80 PV modules. Another solution consists in reducing the size of the battery bank to avoid its unnecessary oversizing. In this case, the COE and the system investment cost reduce to up to 28.77% for 1 day batteries’ autonomy considered. The obtained results have demonstrated that the cost of a PV/battery system is mostly influenced by the batteries’ size, while the system reliability is mostly related to the PV size.

Sizing, economic, and reliability analysis of photovoltaics and energy storage for an off‐grid power system in Jordan

“…Equation ( 6) ensures the energy storage system operates within its energy capacity. Equation (7) ensures the continuity of stored energy in every time step. Equation (7) accounts for the initial energy (E ES;ini E ES ) in the first time step (t ¼ 1) and the energy thereafter (t > 1).…”

“…Equation (7) ensures the continuity of stored energy in every time step. Equation (7) accounts for the initial energy (E ES;ini E ES ) in the first time step (t ¼ 1) and the energy thereafter (t > 1). Additionally, the charging and discharging powers are multiplying by the time interval (τ) to convert to energy.…”

“…In ref. [7], a techno‐economic study was carried out for an off‐grid PV and battery system, for a remote area in Cameroon. The study indicated that with an optimal configuration, the demand can be satisfied for the entire year.…”

Comparative Analysis of Energy Storage Technologies for Microgrids

“…Such battery choice and control are important, as aging problems caused by improper battery management account for a large part of the total replacement budget. With the development of new sources of renewable energy [2][3][4][5], microgrids (MGs) and optimization techniques related to these areas have appeared. An MG [6][7][8] can be defned as an isolated or connected network that can produce electrical energy from diferent hybrid sources and deliver or store it in an electrical ESS [9][10][11].…”

Optimisation of a standalone photovoltaic electric vehicle charging station using the loss of power supply probability

“…In addition to the single PV system, some designs incorporate other renewable energy generation systems, such as wind energy conversion systems [ 36 , 37 ], hydropower [ 38 , 39 ] and biogas [ 40 ]. Zieba Falama et al [ 41 ] LPSP and energy cost as objective functions for optimising a standalone PV system with BESS in remote areas. Bilal et al [ 42 ] developed a technical-economic and environmental analysis of a grid-connected EVCS with hybrid energy systems, using LPSP, total net present cost and levelized cost of energy cost as objective functions.…”