A case study of BTEX characteristics and health effects by major point sources of pollution during winter in Iran

Baghani, Abbas Norouzian; Sorooshian, Armin; Heydari, Maryam; Sheikhi, Razieh; Golbaz, Somayeh; Ashournejad, Qadir; Kermani, Majid; Golkhorshidi, Faranak; Barkhordari, Abdullah; Jafari, Ahmad Jonidi; Delikhoon, Mahdieh; Shahsavani, Abbas

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.070

Cited by 66 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…There were differences among the measured BTEX concentrations in the studied papers (Baghani et al, 2019; Dehghani et al, 2018; Eisaei et al, 2015; Esmaelnejad et al, 2015; Hazrati et al, 2016; Javadi et al, 2017; Mosaddegh Mehrjerdi et al, 2014; Rad et al, 2014; Rastkari et al, 2015; Samadi et al, 2019; Seddigh et al, 2016; Tarassoli et al, 2019; Tohid et al, 2019; Zheng et al, 2018). These differences can be because of specific characteristics of the cities under study, sampling points, sampling periods and the main activities of the city, as well as differences related to vehicles such as fuel quality and traffic density (Table 5) (Rad et al, 2014; Tarassoli et al, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The recommended allowable threshold for benzene is 5 µg/m 3 (Baghani et al, 2019; Samadi et al, 2019; Tarassoli et al, 2019). There is no standard for air quality in European regulations for toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VOCs are one of the major sources of air pollution in the urban areas (Phuc and Oanh, 2018). The gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) stations have been identified as a major sources of VOCs in urban areas around the world (Baghani et al, 2019). Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are the most common VOCs (Rad et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the BTEX mixtures, benzene is one of the main human carcinogens. Several studies have reported the carcinogenic risks of benzene (Baghani et al, 2019). However, no evidence of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity for toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene has been documented (Abtahi et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite a large number of studies assessing BTEX concentrations in the air surrounding gas stations in Iranian cities (Baghani et al, 2019; Dehghani et al, 2018; Eisaei et al, 2015; Esmaelnejad et al, 2015; Hazrati et al, 2016; Javadi et al, 2017; Mosaddegh Mehrjerdi et al, 2014; Rad et al, 2014; Rastkari et al, 2015; Samadi et al, 2019; Seddigh et al, 2016; Tarassoli et al, 2019; Tohid et al, 2019; Zheng et al, 2018), no systematic review or meta-analysis study has been conducted to assess the related cancer and noncancer health risks. In the current study, the carcinogenesis and noncarcinogenesis risks of BTEX pollutants at gas stations were assessed using a systematic review and a meta-analysis approach.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in ambient air of the gas stations in Iran: A systematic review and probabilistic health risk assessment

2021

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Exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) has been reported in gas stations. Exposure to BTEX can result in adverse health outcomes in workers such as cancer and neurological effects. The health risk assessments of exposure to BTEX could be useful in choosing suitable control measures. In this review, data from previous studies of gas station environments in Iran were collected from years 2000 to 2020. The health risk assessments were conducted through the estimation of cancer and noncancer risks using a Monte Carlo simulation based on the US Environmental Protection Agency method. The results showed that exposure to BTEX in some cities of Iran was greater than the occupational exposure limits. The results of cancer risk assessments demonstrated that cancer risk was not increased. However, results of noncancer risk assessments demonstrated that neurological toxicity from exposure to BTEX was significant in different cities of Iran. The health risk assessments indicated that workers at gas station are at health risk.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in ambient air of the gas stations in Iran: A systematic review and probabilistic health risk assessment

2021

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Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis

Dehhaghi

Hasankhani

Taheri

2023

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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This study examined the concentration of BTEX in Tehran from 2018 to 2020 in five monitoring stations with different backgrounds, which has been accomplished using the combination of passive sampling and GC-FID method. The total concentration of BTEX was estimated to be 65.39 (µg/m 3 ), with a higher average concentration in 2019–2020 (77.79 µg/m 3 ) compared to 2018–2019 (53.48 µg/m 3 ) due to the leaping concentration of Toluene in the pandemic era. Despite a Benzene concentration decline in recent years, the average annual concentration of Benzene (5.66 µg/m 3 ) at five stations remained higher than the EU commission and India standards (5 µg/m 3 ) as well as Japan and Iraq thresholds (3 µg/m 3 ). Toluene dominated other species in terms of concentrations, mass distribution (~0.6%), followed by m,p–Xylene (~0.2%), Benzene (~0.05–0.1) and Ethylbenzene (< 0.05). The evidence regarding seasonal changes of BTEX in 2019 shows the maximum concentration of these compounds in autumn, which is probably due to heavier traffic compared to other seasons. In contrast, in the first half of 2020 (which encompasses the start of the pandemic period and urban lockdown), point sources seem to play a prominent role in concentration fluctuations, as confirmed by changes in interspecies relationships and lower traffic congestion. The highest mean concentrations were observed in high-traffic, residential and suburban sites, respectively. The study reveals that m,p-Xylene possess the highest Ozone formation potential (~109.46), followed by Toluene (~85.34), o-Xylene (~46.87), Ethylbenzene (~13.52) and Benzene (~2.61). Health risk assessment results indicated the high carcinogenic risk of Benzene (mean = 3.6 × 10 –6 ) and the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk of BTEX (hazard index~0.03 < specified limit of 1). Finally, the estimated weighted exposures of BTEX emphasized that residents near the high-traffic districts are more exposed to BTEX. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00477-023-02476-3.

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Indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés: exposure level to particulate matter

Naddafi

Nabizadeh

Rostamy

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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A case study of BTEX characteristics and health effects by major point sources of pollution during winter in Iran

Cited by 66 publications

References 71 publications

The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in ambient air of the gas stations in Iran: A systematic review and probabilistic health risk assessment

The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in ambient air of the gas stations in Iran: A systematic review and probabilistic health risk assessment

Spatiotemporal variations, photochemical characteristics, health risk assessment and mid pandemic changes of ambient BTEX in a west Asian metropolis

Indoor air quality in waterpipe cafés: exposure level to particulate matter

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