A case study of heavy PM2.5 secondary formation by N2O5 nocturnal chemistry in Seoul, Korea in January 2018: Model performance and error analysis

The influence of sleep on job satisfaction: examining a serial mediation model of psychological capital and burnout

“…While sleep did not play a significant role in traditional management or human resource literature ( 79 , 80 ), in recent times, organizational scholars have been paying increasing attention to sleep. This research contributes to the extant literature by investigating the effects of insufficient sleep on workplace outcomes.…”

The formation and transport of HNO3 over the Yellow Sea and its impact on the January 2018 PM2.5 episode in Seoul

“…And 391 × 288 horizontal grids with 12 km uniform spacing were used to adequately simulate the transport and chemical reaction of air pollutants over the Yellow Sea. In the previous works, 1,16,21 a nested grid system was utilized to increase the grid resolution in the area of focus without significantly increasing the processing time. Since the nested grid system tends to have large errors at the borders of the enclosed area which is usually situated in the middle of the Yellow Sea, we opted for a uniform grid system for this study.…”

“…These pollution events are attributed to the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), comprising particulate sulfate, particulate nitrate, and particulate ammonium. 1 Until the mid-1990s, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) was the most abundant acid precursor in Korea, making sulfate the predominant acidic species. 2 Since then, the SO 2 emissions have been greatly reduced by stringent governmental measures.…”

“…1,[3][4][5] During the winter to early spring period in Seoul, when the ambient temperatures are cool and westerly winds prevail, nitrate levels signicantly rise, resulting in severe PM 2.5 pollution. 1,6 At cool temperatures, the equilibrium reaction of "NO 2 + NO 3 / N 2 O 5 " is shied toward N 2 O 5 (dinitrogen pentoxide), leading to the formation of nitrate via hydrolysis during the night. 7 Under westerly winds, PM 2.5 and its gaseous precursors from high-emission areas in China are transported to western cities in Korea including Seoul.…”

“…The WRF-CMAQ model was employed to model the transport/chemistry/dry deposition with a focus on HNO 3 formation over the Yellow Sea. Previous modeling works oen over-predicted the PM 2.5 nitrate concentrations in Seoul, 1 North East Asia, 12,13 and the United States. 14 Anttila et al (2006) proposed that an organic layer coats the aerosol core and inhibits nocturnal nitrate formation.…”