A causal contiguity effect that persists across time scales.

Kiliç, Aslı; Criss, Amy H.; Howard, Marc W.

doi:10.1037/a0028463

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A recency effect was observed in both the immediate recall of one list as well as across lists (see Figure 3A, see also Bjork & Whitten, 1974; Glenberg et al, 1980; Howard & Kahana, 1999). Unsworth (2008) observed a similar persistence of the contiguity effect both within-and across-lists in final free recall (see Figure 3B, see also Howard & Kahana, 1999; Howard et al, 2008; Kiliç, Criss, & Howard, 2013). While it is of course possible to retain the idea of short-term memory by assuming that distinct mechanisms account for different time scales (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Davelaar, Goshen-Gottstein, Ashkenazi, Haarmann, & Usher, 2005; Sirotin et al, 2005; Lehman & Malmberg, 2013), the similarity of the recency and contiguity effects across scales are also consistent with a memory store that is not as tightly constrained as a short-term memory buffer.…”

Section: Episodic Memory Across Time Scalessupporting

confidence: 53%

The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales.

Howard

Eichenbaum

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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A wealth of experimental studies with animals have offered insights about how neural networks within the hippocampus support the temporal organization of memories. These studies have revealed the existence of “time cells” that encode moments in time, much as the well-known “place cells” map locations in space. Another line of work inspired by human behavioral studies suggests that episodic memories are mediated by a state of temporal context that changes gradually over long time scales, up to at least a few thousand seconds. In this view, the “mental time travel” hypothesized to support the experience of episodic memory corresponds to a “jump back in time” in which a previous state of temporal context is recovered. We suggest that these 2 sets of findings could be different facets of a representation of temporal history that maintains a record at the last few thousand seconds of experience. The ability to represent long time scales comes at the cost of discarding precise information about when a stimulus was experienced—this uncertainty becomes greater for events further in the past. We review recent computational work that describes a mechanism that could construct such a scale-invariant representation. Taken as a whole, this suggests the hippocampus plays its role in multiple aspects of cognition by representing events embedded in a general spatiotemporal context. The representation of internal time can be useful across nonhippocampal memory systems.

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Section: Episodic Memory Across Time Scalessupporting

confidence: 53%

The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales.

Howard

Eichenbaum

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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144

123

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“…The contiguity effect refers to the finding that when a stimulus is remembered, other stimuli that were presented close together in time to the remembered stimulus become increasingly available. Like the recency effect, the behavioral contiguity effect has been observed in all of the major memory paradigms [53] and has been observed across a range of time scales [52, 54, 55]. When a remote event is remembered, it brings to mind other stimuli that were close to it in time.…”

Section: Behavioral Evidence For a Compressed Timelinementioning

confidence: 99%

Memory as Perception of the Past: Compressed Time inMind and Brain

Howard

2018

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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In the visual system retinal space is compressed such that acuity decreases further from the fovea. Different forms of memory may rely on a compressed representation of time, manifested as decreased accuracy for events that happened further in the past. Neurophysiologically, "time cells" show receptive fields in time. Analogous to the compression of visual space, time cells show less acuity for events further in the past. Behavioral evidence suggests memory can be accessed by scanning a compressed temporal representation, analogous to visual search. This suggests a common computational language for visual attention and memory retrieval. In this view, time functions like a scaffolding that organizes memories in much the same way that retinal space functions like a scaffolding for visual perception.

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“…The notion of the strategic use of context information is common in models of recall (e.g., Howard & Kahana, 2002;Kılıç, Criss, & Howard, 2013;Lehman & Malmberg, 2009Malmberg & Shiffrin, 2005;Polyn, Norman, & Kahana, 2009) but is less common for recognition (Dennis & Humphreys, 2001;cf. Malmberg, 2008).…”

Section: Interplay Of Lexical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the role of context variability in memory for items and associations

2018

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What properties of a word make it easy or difficult to remember? Word frequency and context variability are separate, closely related word properties that have disparate influences on memorability. The influence of word frequency changes depending on the memory task, with high-frequency words tending to be recalled better and low-frequency words to be recognized better. Conversely, low-context-variability words tend to be remembered better across tasks. One proposed explanation for the low-variability advantage is that low-variability words are easier to associate with the experimental context, given that they are associated with fewer extra-experimental contexts. On the basis of this explanation, it has been suggested that the formation of interitem associations during encoding should interfere with the formation of item-to-context associations, attenuating the low-variability advantage. Across experiments, we tested whether focusing on interitem associations disrupted the low-variability advantage, by manipulating encoding tasks, test expectancy, final test condition, word frequency, and context variability. Focusing on interitem associations did not harm performance for low-variability words. Words low in both frequency and variability were recognized better, but word pairs composed of high-frequency, low-variability words were recognized better in associative recognition. On the basis of the data, we suggest that focusing on interitem associations does not come at the expense of item-to-context associations. Moreover, the data further support the idea that frequency and variability are distinct properties.

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A causal contiguity effect that persists across time scales.

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales.

The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales.

Memory as Perception of the Past: Compressed Time inMind and Brain

Examining the role of context variability in memory for items and associations

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