A Causal Modeling Analysis of Sociodemographics and Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Behavior of American Adults

Determinants of sports participation and attendance: differences and similarities

“…Although it appears that low income and a low education level might act as barriers to participating in sports and attending sporting events, once these barriers are overcome and the individual does decide to participate or attend, then these variables are no longer relevant in determining frequency levels. Similar results are reported by Brooks (1988), Shamir & Ruskin (1984) and Gratton & Taylor (2000).…”

“…Furthermore, today's elderly are not only healthier: they also have more available time for leisure and sporting activities. Brooks (1988) showed frequency to decrease with age. In a later study (Gratton & Taylor, 2000), the relationship was positive but not statistically significant.…”

Sports Participation versus Consumer Expenditure on Sport: Different Determinants and Strategies in Sports Management

“…Gouguet, 1998;Desbordes, Ohl, & Tribou, 1999;García, 2001;Andreff & Nys, 2001) with the exception of Brooks (1988) or Shamir and Ruskin (1984). There is consensus about the fact that men, in general, practise more sport than women (Halba, 1997;Coalter, 1999;Gratton & Taylor, 2000;García, 2001;Scheerder et al, 2002;Sport England, 2004).…”

“…The influence of age on sports participation has been found to be fundamentally negative, linear or nonlinear (see Shamir & Ruskin, 1984;Coalter, 1999;Serrano, 1999;Andreff & Nys, 2001;Cabinet Office, 2001;Sport England, 2004); non-significant (Brooks, 1988); or to vary with sports frequency (Gratton & Taylor, 2000;García, 2001).…”

“…There has, moreover, been an apparent reduction in differences in sports participation resulting from variables such as educational level, occupation, social class, age or gender (see Brooks, 1988;Coalter, Dowes, & Baxter, 1995;Shopshire & Carrol, 1997;Maeda, 2000). Nevertheless, recent studies, following Bourdieu's theories (Bourdieu, 1984(Bourdieu, , 1991, have rejected the idea of the ''democratisation of sport'', maintaining that social differences still play an important role in explaining sports participation (e.g.…”