A Cell‐Culture Technique to Encode Glyco‐Nanoparticles Selectivity

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) embedded with bioactive ligands such as carbohydrates, peptides, and nucleic acid have emerged as a potential tool to target biological processes. Traditional in vitro assays performed under statistic conditions may result in non-specific outcome sometimes, mainly because of the sedimentation and selfassembly nature of NPs. Inverted cell-culture assay allows for flexible and accurate detection of the receptor-mediated uptake and cytotoxicity of NPs. By combining this technique with glyco-gold nanoparticles, cellular internalization and cytotoxicity were investigated. Regioselective glycosylation patterns and shapes of the NPs could tune the receptors' binding affinity, resulting in precise cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Two cell lines HepG2 and HeLa were probed with galactosamine-embedded fluorescent AuNPs, revealing significant differences in cytotoxicity and uptake mechanism in upright and invert in vitro cell-culture assay, high-specificity toward uptake, and allowing for a rapid screening and optimization technique.

Systematic Investigation of Cellular Response to Hydroxyl Group Orientation Differences on Gold Glyconanoparticles

“…The dried samples were scanned in the transmission mode from 400 to 4000 cm −1 by FTIR in order to achieve a good signalto-noise ratio. 13,000 rpm for 20 min. The red pellets were dissolved in 1 mL of deionized water, and this washing process was repeated one more time.…”

“…These include amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, oligonucleotides, and antibodies rather than synthetic materials due to their distinct biocompatibility. Carbohydrates as the third element of life attract specific attention due to their myriad roles as functional and structural components in biological processes like cell–cell signaling, immune responses, viral and bacterial infections, inflammation, cell proliferation and adhesion, activity of pituitary hormones, and metastasis. − Carbohydrate–protein interactions govern all these biological processes with their versatile structure, which includes a hydrogen-bond of networks, glycosidic linkage, and conformation plasticity. , Since the binding affinity of carbohydrate–protein interactions is weak ( K a in the range of ∼10 3 M –1 ), carbohydrates are decorated on NPs in order to influence the sensitivity and specificity of binding. For this reason, carbohydrate-conjugated NPs attracted great attention in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, biosensors, molecular therapeutics, bioimaging, and vaccine development, by virtue of their fundamental biological functions .…”