“…First described by Von Neumann in the early 1950s to serve as a simple model of self-reproduction in biological systems ( Neumann, 1966 ), CA are now broadly used to model complex systems in several fields such as computer science, mathematics, engineering, biology and epidemiology ( Mange & Tomassini, 1998 ; Margolus, 1984 ; Ruhomally et al., 2022 ; Sipper, 1994 ; Vichniac, 1984 ; Wang et al., 2023 ) [28, 38–42].…”