A Century of Chemical Dynamics Traced through the Nobel Prizes. 1967: Eigen, Norrish, and Porter

Houten, Josh Van

doi:10.1021/ed079p548

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Time-resolved spectroscopy as we know it today was developed in the 1950s and early 1960s as flash photolysis and relaxation methods, a development that culminated with the Nobel Prize in chemistry 1967 to Porter, Norrish, and Eigen . This work gave us the millisecond and microsecond time scales.…”

Section: Experimental and Theoretical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion

2017

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Electrons are the workhorses of solar energy conversion. Conversion of the energy of light to electricity in photovoltaics, or to energy-rich molecules (solar fuel) through photocatalytic processes, invariably starts with photoinduced generation of energy-rich electrons. The harvesting of these electrons in practical devices rests on a series of electron transfer processes whose dynamics and efficiencies determine the function of materials and devices. To capture the energy of a photogenerated electron-hole pair in a solar cell material, charges of opposite sign have to be separated against electrostatic attractions, prevented from recombining and being transported through the active material to electrodes where they can be extracted. In photocatalytic solar fuel production, these electron processes are coupled to chemical reactions leading to storage of the energy of light in chemical bonds. With the focus on the ultrafast time scale, we here discuss the light-induced electron processes underlying the function of several molecular and hybrid materials currently under development for solar energy applications in dye or quantum dot-sensitized solar cells, polymer-fullerene polymer solar cells, organometal halide perovskite solar cells, and finally some photocatalytic systems.

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Section: Experimental and Theoretical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion

2017

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“…The theoretical basis for understanding free-energy transduction is found in the work of Onsager, who derived the reciprocal relations for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968. Onsager’s work had already set the stage for the development of chemical relaxation techniques used to study the kinetics of very fast chemical reactions, research that had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Norrish, Porter, and Eigen the previous year. Norrish and Porter were recognized for their use of light to disturb chemical equilibria.…”

Section: Artificial Molecular Pumps Based On Energy Ratchetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Pumps and Motors

et al. 2021

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Pumps and motors are essential components of the world as we know it. From the complex proteins that sustain our cells, to the mechanical marvels that power industries, much we take for granted is only possible because of pumps and motors. Although molecular pumps and motors have supported life for eons, it is only recently that chemists have made progress toward designing and building artificial forms of the microscopic machinery present in nature. The advent of artificial molecular machines has granted scientists an unprecedented level of control over the relative motion of components of molecules through the development of kinetically controlled, away-from-thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry. We outline the history of pumps and motors, focusing specifically on the innovations that enable the design and synthesis of the artificial molecular machines central to this Perspective. A key insight connecting biomolecular and artificial molecular machines is that the physical motions by which these machines carry out their function are unambiguously in mechanical equilibrium at every instant. The operation of molecular motors and pumps can be described by trajectory thermodynamics, a theory based on the work of Onsager, which is grounded on the firm foundation of the principle of microscopic reversibility. Free energy derived from thermodynamically non-equilibrium reactions kinetically favors some reaction pathways over others. By designing molecules with kinetic asymmetry, one can engineer potential landscapes to harness external energy to drive the formation and maintenance of geometries of component parts of molecules awayfrom-equilibrium, that would be impossible to achieve by standard synthetic approaches.

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“…Along with searching for final reaction products, attention was paid to the mechanism of photochemical processes identifying intermediates, e.g. (van Houten, 2002). Over four decades the instrumentation has evolved up to the femtosecond timescale -nine orders of magnitude faster.…”

Section: Photochemistry -Stages Of Its Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemistry — development and achievements

Šíma

2017

Acta Chimica Slovaca

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Photochemistry has been subjected to the enormous development within the last two centuries. This development has been driven mainly by two key factors: inherent scientific thirst for knowledge and worldwide foodstuff and energy needs. Within the development of photochemistry, mutual conditionality of global needs, progress in theory, improving of existing and birth of qualitatively new experimental techniques can be identified. Photochemistry has found its application in various fields of our life, development and protection of the nature.

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A Century of Chemical Dynamics Traced through the Nobel Prizes. 1967: Eigen, Norrish, and Porter

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion

Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion

Molecular Pumps and Motors

Photochemistry — development and achievements

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