A century of paleopathology

Grauer, Anne L.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23366

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…In addition to these approaches, one future research direction often previously noted by osteologists is to engage further with clinical literature (Cardoso and Henderson, 2010;Jurmain, 1999;Jurmain et al, 2012;Pearson and Buikstra, 2006;Schlecht, 2012;Stirland, 1998;Villotte et al, 2010;Weiss, 2007;Weiss and Jurmain, 2007). Since this scholarship is vast and is rapidly updated by clinicians working with living people, it may be wise to engage more often with medical doctors who have an interest in paleopathology, akin to the Ortner (paleopathologist) and Ragsdale (medical doctor/pathologist) partnership (Buikstra and Roberts, 2012;Buikstra, 2019;Grauer, 2018;Miller et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in the Andes: Usage, history, and future directions

Becker

2020

International Journal of Paleopathology

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Akin to approaches encouraged by Verano (1997) in the Andes, and Ortner (2011, 2012) for general paleopathological studies, this article focuses on accurate descriptions and definitions of osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry. By evaluating these conditions as part of biological responses to abnormal skeletal changes and biomechanical stress, this research discusses each condition's pathogenesis. Further, this article emphasizes a "small data" approach to evaluating these conditions in ancient culturally and biologically related human populations, where the study samples must have good skeletal preservation, where estimates of age and sex need to be included as major factors, and where abnormalities need to be described and evaluated. This article also discusses global clinical and osteological research on ways scholars are currently trying to establish industry-wide methods to evaluate osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry. Recent studies have focused on rigorous evaluation of methodological techniques, recording protocols, and interand intra-observer error problems. Additionally, scholars have focused on physical intensity of movement using biomechanics, evaluated burials of known occupation, and used complex statistical methods to help interpret skeletal changes associated with these conditions. This article also narrows to focus on these conditions within thematic "small data" areas throughout the Andes. This research concludes with describing future directions to understand skeletal changes, such as more multidisciplinary studies between osteologists and pathologists, collaborations with living people to collect CT, x-rays, or computer-aided motion capture, and a stronger focus on how these conditions correlate with intense biomechanical changes in younger individuals. Andean lifeways in terms of power, labor, economic activities, and identity. Early research correlated OA, entheses, and CSG as indicators of past activities, or used them to reconstruct movements associated with things like canoe paddling or spear throwing (e.g., Hawkey and Merbs, 1995; Kennedy, 1989; Merbs, 1983). Jurmain et al. (1999; 2012) have critiqued these approaches as "activity-only myopia," or a "Holy Grail" quest, identifying problems and concerns in description and interpretation with these methods. This has led to a reassessment of OA, entheses, and CSG, and an interrogation of if activity reconstruction in archaeological samples is even possible. Recent research on OA, entheses, and CSG has reevaluated methodological techniques, statistical assessments, recording protocols, inter-and intra-observer error problems, movement and biomechanics, and pathological changes on burials of known occupation, with no one solution (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in the Andes: Usage, history, and future directions

Becker

2020

International Journal of Paleopathology

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“…However, it was great scholars such as Elliot Smith, Ruffer, Zimmerman and Aufderheide who definitively provided the scientific bases for the development of paleopathology as a modern science [4,5,6]. A good, recently published summary of the history of paleopathology mentions that the term "paleopathology" was not coined until 1892 by R. W. Schufeldt [7]. The technical advances for the histological processing of mummified tissues provided by Sir Armand Ruffer and Sandison [8,9].…”

Section: History Of Paleopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleopathology of soft tissues: what mummies can reveal

Fernández

Esteban

Franco

2019

pjp

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“…A principal research focus within biological anthropology is interpreting skeletal variation within the context of behavioural diversity, including variation in diet, disease processes and activity patterns among living and extinct primates, including humans and hominins [1][2][3][4]. Locomotor behaviour and musculoskeletal morphology have been a central focus of this area of inquiry because locomotion provides primates with access to key evolutionary resources including food, shelter and mates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of musculoskeletal modelling of human locomotion

2021

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Locomotion through the environment is important because movement provides access to key resources, including food, shelter and mates. Central to many locomotion-focused questions is the need to understand internal forces, particularly muscle forces and joint reactions. Musculoskeletal modelling, which typically harnesses the power of inverse dynamics, unites experimental data that are collected on living subjects with virtual models of their morphology. The inputs required for producing good musculoskeletal models include body geometry, muscle parameters, motion variables and ground reaction forces. This methodological approach is critically informed by both biological anthropology, with its focus on variation in human form and function, and mechanical engineering, with a focus on the application of Newtonian mechanics to current problems. Here, we demonstrate the application of a musculoskeletal modelling approach to human walking using the data of a single male subject. Furthermore, we discuss the decisions required to build the model, including how to customize the musculoskeletal model, and suggest cautions that both biological anthropologists and engineers who are interested in this topic should consider.

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A century of paleopathology

Cited by 22 publications

References 108 publications

Osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in the Andes: Usage, history, and future directions

Osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in the Andes: Usage, history, and future directions

Paleopathology of soft tissues: what mummies can reveal

A review of musculoskeletal modelling of human locomotion

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