A changing ocean seen with clarity

Brewer, Peter G.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0906815106

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…ions, and a decrease in carbonate (CO 3 (aq) 2-) concentrations and seawater pH. Ocean surface pH has already decreased by approximately 0.1 pH units since the industrial revolution (Brewer 2009;Doney et al 2009;Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno 2010), and if emissions are not mediated, pH is predicted to decrease by 0.3-0.5 pH units by the year 2100 (Caldeira and Wickett 2003). Global ocean surface temperatures are also predicted to increase by an average 0.2°C per decade (IPCC 2007) due to rising atmospheric CO 2 levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of two ocean change stressors, warming and acidification, on fertilization and early development of the Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri

Ericson

Miskelly

et al. 2011

Polar Biol

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The effects of concurrent ocean warming and acidification on Antarctic marine benthos warrant investigation as little is known about potential synergies between these climate change stressors. We examined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on fertilization and embryonic development of the ecologically important sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri reared from fertilization in elevated temperature (?1.5°C and 3°C) and decreased pH (-0.3 and -0.5 pH units) treatments. Fertilization using gametes from multiple males and females, to represent populations of spawners, was resilient to acidification at ambient temperature (0°C). At elevated temperatures, there was a negative interactive effect of temperature and pH on percentage of fertilization (11% reduction at 3°C). For cleavage stage embryos, there was a significant, but small reduction (6%) in the percentage of normal embryos at pH 7.5. For blastulae, a 10-11% decrease in normal development occurred in the ?3°C treatments across all pH levels. Our results highlight the importance of considering the impacts of both temperature and pH in assessing the life history response of S. neumayeri in a changing polar ocean. While fertilization and development to the blastula stage were robust to levels of temperature and pH change predicted over coming decades, deleterious interactive effects were evident between these stressors at levels projected to occur by 2100 and beyond.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of two ocean change stressors, warming and acidification, on fertilization and early development of the Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri

Ericson

Miskelly

et al. 2011

Polar Biol

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“…Progressive carbon dioxide accumulation leads to ocean acidification, the degree of which depends on emission scenarios (Caldeira & Wickett 2005, Cao & Caldeira 2008. At increasing depths, the anthropogenic CO 2 signal adds to already enhanced CO 2 levels originating from microbial respiration of organic matter, which leads to the development of oxygen minimum zones (Brewer & Peltzer 2009, Brewer 2009, Hofmann et al 2011. The stochastic occurrence of extreme changes in any of these factors would exacerbate the effects of these progressive trends.…”

Section: Role Of Habitat Characteristics: Multiple Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating climate-related stressor effects on marine organisms: unifying principles linking molecule to ecosystem-level changes

Pörtner¹

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

287

218

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Climate change effects on marine ecosystems involve various stressors, pre dominantly temperature, hypoxia and CO 2 , all of which may combine with further anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants. All life forms respond to these drivers, following potentially common principles, which are insufficiently understood. Specific understanding may be most advanced in animals where the concept of 'oxygen and capacity dependent thermal tolerance' (OCLTT) is an integrator of various effects, linking molecular to ecosystem levels of biological organisation. Recent studies confirm OCLTT involvement in the field, causing changes in species abundance, biogeographical ranges, phenology and species predominance. At the wholeanimal level, performance capacity set by aerobic scope and energy budget, building on baseline energy turnover, links fitness (within a thermal window) and functioning at the ecosystem level. In variable environments like the intertidal zone, animals also exploit their capacity for passive tolerance. While presently the temperature signal appears predominant in the field, effects may well involve other stressors, acting synergistically by narrowing the aerobic OCLTT window. Recent findings support the OCLTT concept as a common physiological basis linking apparently disjunct effects of ocean warming, acidification and hypoxia in a so-called climate syndrome. In brief, warming-induced CO 2 accumulation in body fluids links to the effects of ocean acidification mediated by the weak acid distribution of CO 2 . Temperature-induced hypoxemia links to the hypoxia sensitivity of thermal tolerance. Future work will need to develop proxies for the temperature-dependent effects of climate-related stressors and also identify the principles operative in organisms other than animals and their underlying mechanisms. Mechanism-based modelling efforts are then needed to develop reliable organism to ecosystem projections of future change.

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“…Pörtner and Knust, 2007); however, thermal changes co-occur with increasing hypoxia events due to enhanced stratification of water bodies and elevated oxygen demand of organisms in the warming seas (Stramma et al, 2008), as well as with progressive carbon dioxide accumulation leading to ocean acidification scenarios (Caldeira and Wickett, 2005;Cao and Caldeira, 2008). At increasing depths the anthropogenic CO 2 signal is exacerbated in expanding oxygen-deficient areas like oxygen minimum layers (Brewer and Pelzer, 2009;Brewer, 2009). The intention of this review is to discuss the conceptual basis of studying the interaction of temperature, hypoxia and CO 2 effects in the marine realm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems

Pörtner

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

1,195

984

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SummaryThe concept of oxygen-and capacity-dependent thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms has successfully explained climateinduced effects of rising temperatures on species abundance in the field. Oxygen supply to tissues and the resulting aerobic performance characters thus form a primary link between organismal fitness and its role and functioning at the ecosystem level. The thermal window of performance in water breathers matches their window of aerobic scope. Loss of performance reflects the earliest level of thermal stress, caused by hypoxaemia and the progressive mismatch of oxygen supply and demand at the borders of the thermal envelope. Oxygen deficiency elicits the transition to passive tolerance and associated systemic and cellular stress signals like hormonal responses or oxidative stress as well as the use of protection mechanisms like heat shock proteins at thermal extremes. Thermal acclimatization between seasons or adaptation to a climate regime involves shifting thermal windows and adjusting window widths. The need to specialize on a limited temperature range results from temperaturedependent trade-offs at several hierarchical levels, from molecular structure to whole-organism functioning, and may also support maximized energy efficiency. Various environmental factors like CO 2 (ocean acidification) and hypoxia interact with these principal relationships. Existing knowledge suggests that these factors elicit metabolic depression supporting passive tolerance to thermal extremes. However, they also exacerbate hypoxaemia, causing a narrowing of thermal performance windows and prematurely leading the organism to the limits of its thermal acclimation capacity. The conceptual analysis suggests that the relationships between energy turnover, the capacities of activity and other functions and the width of thermal windows may lead to an integrative understanding of specialization on climate and, as a thermal matrix, of sensitivity to climate change and the factors involved. Such functional relationships might also relate to climate-induced changes in species interactions and, thus, community responses at the ecosystem level.

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A changing ocean seen with clarity

Cited by 30 publications

References 20 publications

Combined effects of two ocean change stressors, warming and acidification, on fertilization and early development of the Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri

Combined effects of two ocean change stressors, warming and acidification, on fertilization and early development of the Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri

Integrating climate-related stressor effects on marine organisms: unifying principles linking molecule to ecosystem-level changes

Oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climate-related stressor effects in marine ecosystems

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