“…However, results from the approach may be imprecise because it is known that the effective stress, effective strain, effective strain rate, and cutting temperature average values are not very sensitive to cutting conditions (Tounsi, 2005). Becze et al (2002) used a chip formation-based analytic force model to predict the cutting forces for end ball milling, with many parameters, such as the strain and the strain rate, determined experimentally. This approach was based on the primary and secondary shear band thickness measurements, and many experiments were conducted to build the model.…”