A Chitosan Derivative Containing Both Carboxylic Acid and Quaternary Ammonium Moieties for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates

Abstract

Chitosan, a renewable feedstock, is modified and used as a catalytic support in the presence of potassium iodide. The system is highly efficient towards the incorporation of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into epoxides. It demonstrates very good thermal stability and is recyclable more than five times without loss of activity. The optimal reaction conditions were determined using allylglycidyl ether as a model and extended to a wide range of other epoxides. Cyclic carbonates were obtained with very high yield in a few hours under mild conditions (2-7 bar≈0.2-0.7 MPa, 80 °C) and no solvent.

Chitosan for Direct Bioflocculation Processes

“…Table 9.7 lists some selected examples that can be drawn from studies of biopolymer flocculants such as alginate, polydiallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride, chitosan and its modified forms for the removal of orthophosphate P i species from synthetic and real wastewater. Additional examples of chitosan-based amphoteric flocculants are described elsewhere (Muzzarelli 1988;Meera and Emilia 2006;Prado and Matulewicz 2014;Quinlan et al 2015;Besse et al 2016;Kadokawa 2018).…”

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Ionic Liquid System: Promising “Ideal Catalysts” for the Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates

“…[128] For example, quaternary ammonium salts were combined with chitosan via grafting method to form hybrid catalysts for the title reaction. [129] According to the process illustrated in Figure 14A, two steps were employed to modify the chitosan. Firstly, utilizing the stronger nucleophilicity of amine groups on chitosan than the hydroxyl groups, the allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) and glycidyl trimethylammonium (GTA) chloride were grafted to the supports via ring-open reaction.…”

The Application of Biomass-Based Catalytic Materials in the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides

“…Finally, the haloalkoxy intermediate further reacted with CO 2 to form a linear halocarbonate that transformed into cyclic carbonate through intramolecular substitution of the bromide anion. Furthermore, the chitosan-based catalytic system containing both carboxylic acid and quaternary ammonium moieties (abbreviated as CBCN) was developed by Caillol et al ( Scheme 14 ) [ 63 ]. PC was obtained with very high yield in a few hours under mild conditions (7 bar, 80 °C) and without a solvent.…”