A cinematographic analysis of overground and treadmill running by males and females

Elliott, Bruce; Blanksby, Brian

doi:10.1249/00005768-197600820-00013

Cited by 81 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…However, variability in FL or HL values was frequently found to result from treadmill locomotion, especially in small mammals. Limb coordination may be influenced by a permanent adjustment of the speed of the animal to treadmill speed, as shown for various kinematic parameters in many studies (Wetzel et al, 1975;Eliot and Blanksby, 1976;Alton et al, 1993;Barrey et al, 1993;Wank et al, 1998;Dunbar, 2004;Herbin et al, 2007).…”

Section: Relationship Between Temporal and Spatial Coordination And Tmentioning

confidence: 95%

Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed

Maes

Herbin

Hackert

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

102

101

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SUMMARYOnly a few studies on quadrupedal locomotion have investigated symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in the same framework because the mechanisms underlying these two types of gait seem to be different and it took a long time to identify a common set of parameters for their simultaneous study. Moreover, despite the clear importance of the spatial dimension in animal locomotion, the relationship between temporal and spatial limb coordination has never been quantified before. We used anteroposterior sequence (APS) analysis to analyse 486 sequences from five malinois (Belgian shepherd) dogs moving at a large range of speeds (from 0.4 to 10.0·m·s -1 ) to compare symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits through kinematic and limb coordination parameters. Considerable continuity was observed in cycle characteristics, from walk to rotary gallop, but at very high speeds an increase in swing duration reflected the use of sagittal flexibility of the vertebral axis to increase speed. This change occurred after the contribution of the increase in stride length had become the main element driving the increase in speed -i.e. when the dogs had adopted asymmetrical gaits. As the left and right limbs of a pair are linked to the same rigid structure, spatial coordination within pairs of limbs reflected the temporal coordination within pairs of limbs whatever the speed. By contrast, the relationship between the temporal and spatial coordination between pairs of limb was found to depend on speed and trunk length. For trot and rotary gallop, this relationship was thought also to depend on the additional action of trunk flexion and leg angle at footfall.

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Section: Relationship Between Temporal and Spatial Coordination And Tmentioning

confidence: 95%

Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed

Maes

Herbin

Hackert

et al. 2008

Journal of Experimental Biology

102

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Finally, the results of the present study are based on novel experimental data recorded for overground running. Although treadmills enable gait experiments to be performed more easily in a laboratory setting, biomechanical differences between treadmill and overground running have been identified under certain circumstances (Elliott and Blanksby, 1976;Frishberg, 1983;Nelson et al, 1972;Nigg et al, 1995;Riley et al, 2008). Also, it is not known whether kinetic differences exist between treadmill and overground running at faster speeds of locomotion.…”

Section: Muscular Strategy Shift In Human Runningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance

Dorn

Schache

Pandy

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

390

298

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“…On the other hand, some investigations analyzed biomechanical differences between the treadmill level running and the overground level running, and reported that there were differences in stride length, stride frequency, vertical displacement of the center of gravity, angular kinematics of joints, and electromyography of the lower limb (Nelson et al, 1972;Dal Monte et al, 1973;Elliott & Blanksby, 1976;Frishberg, 1983;Nigg et al, 1995b;Wank et al, 1998). It has been pointed out that the differences were caused by fl uctuation of the velocity of the treadmill belt due to the foot contact of subjects, difference in perceptual process, air resistance, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Characteristics of Distance Running on Downhill Slope

Yokozawa

Fujii

2005

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate kinetic characteristics such as ground reaction forces (GRFs) and joint torques of the lower limb joints in downhill running for distance runners on overground. Six male distance runners were asked to run at three running speeds (3.3, 4.2, and 5.0 m/s) on the slopes of different grades (0, -3.2, -6.4, and -9.1 %) in which two force platforms were mounted. A two dimensional link model was used to calculate joint torques and joint powers of the lower limb joints. In spite that the downward velocity of the CG at the foot contact increased consistently as the grade increased, the impact peak of vertical GRF and the peak loading rate defi ned as maximum rate of change of the vertical GRF did not increase consistently as the grade increased. The runners on steep downhill conditions would be able to avoid excessive impact load by contacting with the ground in more extended hip position and increasing knee fl exion velocity after the foot contact. The negative power of the knee after the foot contact was larger for -9.1 % downhill than the level condition, which revealed the eccentric load on the knee extensors increased in the steep downhill condition. The hip extensors exerted negative power with hip fl exion just after the foot contact in -6.4 and -9.1 % downhill conditions so that the runners could absorb the impact force and mechanical energy.

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A cinematographic analysis of overground and treadmill running by males and females

Cited by 81 publications

References 0 publications

Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed

Steady locomotion in dogs: temporal and associated spatial coordination patterns and the effect of speed

Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance

Kinetic Characteristics of Distance Running on Downhill Slope

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