A Citizen Science Initiative to Understand Community Response to the Kaikōura Earthquake and Tsunami Warning in Petone and Eastbourne, Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand

Abstract

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Local residents’ immediate responses to the 2018 Indonesia earthquake and tsunami

“…Consequently, it is unsurprising that only 22% of the Palu respondents knew that long and strong earthquake shaking and shoreline recession are environmental cues to tsunami onset. This is comparable to the 23% reported by Yun and Hamada (2015) and the 21% reported by Blake et al (2018), but substantially lower than the 81% reported by Sun et al (2013) and even the 42% reported by Lindell et al (2015), and the 60% (Cook Strait) and 55% (Lake Grassmere) reported by Fraser et al (2016). Somewhat surprisingly, the 22% in Palu is also much lower than the 65% of Indonesian students reported by Hall et al (2017).…”

“…Lindell et al (2015) reported cumulative percentages of American Samoa respondents who departed within 15 min (61%), 30 min (86%), 45 min (89%), and 60 min (96%). Finally, Blake et al (2018) found that only 29% left within 10 min, whereas 45% left within 30 min, and 44% took more than 3 h. Over all studies, these data show that the percentage of evacuees leaving within 15 min has a mean, M =59%, and a median, Md =67%, but a range from 33% to 92%.…”

“…Similarly, the Chen et al ( 2021) survey of two other CSZ communities reported an average preparation time estimate of M=11.9 min. However, it is likely that these preparation time estimates are too optimistic when compared to some New Zealand studies-the Dhellemmes et al (2016) evacuation expectations survey that found 62% of respondents expected to leave within 10 min but the Blake et al (2018) study of response to a subsequent tsunami warning revealed much longer delays.…”

“…Yun and Hamada (2015) reported that only 23% of their Japanese respondents were aware that the 2011 Tohoku earthquake could cause a tsunami, whereas Sun et al (2013) found that 81% of their Japanese respondents expected to evacuate in response to earthquake shaking and only 17% expected to wait for an official warning. Moreover, Blake et al (2018) found that only 21% of their respondents after a 2016 New Zealand earthquake recognized ground shaking as a tsunami cue, whereas Fraser et al (2016) reported that the majority of the respondents in locations affected by two 2013 New Zealand earthquakes understood that an earthquake can cause a tsunami (Cook Strait: 60%; Lake Grassmere: 55%), and that belief was more common among those who lived inside the tsunami inundation zone.…”

An Interdisciplinary Agent-based Evacuation Model: Integrating Natural Environment, Built environment, and Social System for Community Preparedness and Resilience

“…The agent decision and behavior is based on survey data and drill data, rather than data from an actual tsunami evacuation, so the results might not accurately predict the response to an actual tsunami. Nonetheless, the data from the evacuation expectations surveys appear to be consistent with data from posttsunami evacuation surveys (Lindell et al, 2015;Dhellemmes et al, 2016;Blake et al, 2018).…”