A cladistic analysis of whiteflies, subfamily Aleyrodinae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract

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New Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodomorpha) from Eocene Baltic amber

“…The present-day distribution of Aleyrodidae lineages shows that Aleurodicinae are distributed mainly in the Neotropical and Australasian regions, while Aleyrodinae have a worldwide distribution (MOUND & HALSEY 1978, MARTIN & MOUND 2007, EVANS 2008. This distributional pattern as well as the availability of fossil data suggests the Palaeotropical origin of the whiteflies (MOUND 1984, BINK-MOENEN & MOUND 1990, MANZARI & QUICKE 2006, which is also supported by fossil data (DROHOJOWSKA & SZWEDO 2011).…”

A new whitefly from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

“…Present-day distribution of Aleyrodidae lineages shows that aleurodicines are distributed mainly in the Neotropical and Australasian regions, while aleyrodines are distributed worldwide (Mound & Halsey 1978 ;Martin & Mound 2007 ;Evans 2008 ). Th is distributional pattern as well as availability of fossil data suggested a Palaeotropical origin of the whitefl ies (Mound 1984 ;Bink-Moenen & Mound 1990 ;Manzari & Quicke 2006 ). Th e diversifi cation of aleyrodids, similarly to numerous other hemipterans, very probably took place in concordance with Mid Cretaceous biotic re-organization of the biosphere (Rasnitsyn 1988 ;Zherikhin 2002 ;Krassilov 2003 ).…”

“…As dicotyledones are favoured over monocotyledones by the whitefl ies (Dubey & Ko 2006 ), and taking in consideration the time of the spread of open communities dominated by grasses and dicot herbs (Th omas & Spicer 1987 ;Wing & Tiff ney 1987 ;Retallack 2001 ;Janis et al 2002 ), it could be assumed that whitefl ies related to grasses radiated as the most recent group. Th e parallel diversifi cation and widespread host switching has obscured the evolution of aleyrodid host plant affi liations; however, the affi liations to host plants seems not to be totally random as some groups have species feeding on related plants (Mound & Halsey 1978 ;Dubey & Ko 2006 ;Manzari & Quicke 2006 ;Evans 2008 ). Th e question of host plant group of early aleyrodids remains open.…”

“…Gymnosperms were the dominating plant component of Leba nese amber producing forests; however, there are some evidences suggesting presence of angiosperms as well (Poinar & Milki 2001 ). Relationships between recent Aleyrodidae and their host plants are unclear (Dubey & Ko 2006 ;Manzari & Quicke 2006 ). Most of the known whitefl ies species are associated with the two advanced groups of angiosperm plants, i.e., asterids (including euasterids I and euasterids II) and rosids (including eurosids I and eurosids II) in this system (Stevens 2008 ;APG III 2009).…”

“…Aleyrodidae are also mentioned and fi gured from the Lower Cretaceous Jordanian amber (Kaddumi 2005 ; but see comments below), Upper Cretaceous amber of Ethiopia (Schmidt et al 2010 ), Lowermost Eocene Oise amber, Eocene Baltic amber (Shcherbakov 2000 ), Miocene Dominican and Mexican ambers (Poinar 1992 ), Miocene amber of Peru (Antoine et al 2006 ). In the Aleyrodomorpha (Aleyrodoidea), the taxonomy of recent forms is based on the last preadult instar, the so-called "puparium", but most fossil forms are winged adults (Gill 1990 ;Shcherbakov 2000 ;Martin 2003 ;Manzari & Quicke 2006 ). Fossil nymphs of aleyrodids have, however, been recorded from Purbeck and Wealden (both in the UK) Lower Cretaceous, Berriasian-Barremian, and Aptian of Montsec in Spain, Eocene/Oligocene deposits of Isle of Wight, UK (Shcherbakov 2000 ).…”