“…Vulnerable populations in relation to mining are characterised firstly as those with limited power and financial resources (CIDSE, 2009). However, they also have particular challenges related to issues such as displacement, resulting from both voluntary or involuntary resettlement, as witnessed in Limpopo, South Africa and Colombia (Farrell et al, 2012;Harker, 2008); human rights issues as in the DRC, Congo and Indonesia; artisanal mining, as in Porgera, Papua New Guinea (ERI, 2014;Human Rights Watch, 2010); and indigeneity (Fijn et al, 2012;Forest Peoples Programme and Tebtebba Foundation, 2006;O'Faircheallaigh, 2013). Exacerbating the singular and cumulative effects of these vulnerabilities are related issues which drive conflict, including human security, bribery and corruption, a lack of employment opportunities, loss of traditional livelihoods, health and safety of mine workers, family and community cohesion, corporate-community communication, information transparency, trade practices, threats to cultural integrity, and environmental change (Paull et al, 2006;Bainton 2009).…”