A clinical approach to determine false positive findings of clinical endometritis by vaginoscopy by the use of uterine bacteriology and cytology in dairy cows

Dynamics of bacteriologic and cytologic changes in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows

“…To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting simultaneously the dynamics of selected microbial pathogens and cytologic findings during the first month postpartum in dairy cows. The overall prevalence of CE and SE found in this study was within the previously reported ranges [14,18,24,38]. We found that time had an effect on the proportion of PMN in a cubic way (decrease/increase/decrease).…”

“…The effects and interactions between different species of bacteria on the severity of uterine diseases are not completely understood [24], but the presence of Trueperella pyogenes and Escherichia coli was associated with decreased reproductive performance [25,26]. Other frequently isolated bacteria are Klebsiella spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum, and a-hemolytic Streptococci [2,5].…”

Agreement among bacteriological findings, vaginal discharges, and endometrial cytology for endometritis detection in postpartum beef cows.

“…In the present study, poor to moderate agreement was found among PMN %, bacteriological findings, and vaginal discharges; previous results indicated that abnormal discharges do not necessarily indicate uterine infection (Dubuc et al, 2010;Westermann et al, 2010). The present study also showed poor agreement between bacterial findings and PMN, similar to the findings of other studies (Barański et al, 2012).…”

Innate immunity and inflammation of the bovine female reproductive tract in health and disease

“…In particular, LPS appears to be the major virulence factor of EnPEC, stimulating TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses by endometrial cells (Sheldon et al 2010, Cronin et al 2012. On the other hand, the presence of T. pyogenes is associated with pus in the uterus, the severity of clinical signs and the extent of the subsequent subfertility (Bonnett et al 1991, Westermann et al 2010. The major virulence factor produced by all isolates of T. pyogenes is pyolysin, which is a heat-labile exotoxin that mulitmerises in cholesterol-rich domains of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, creating transmembrane pores, 30-50 nm diameter, to disrupt ion balances and cause cytolysis (Jost & Billington 2005, Amos et al 2014.…”