A CLOSED-CIRCUIT APPARATUS WITH AN INFRARED CO2 ANALYZER AND A GEIGER TUBE FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CO2 EXCHANGE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

Lister, G. R.; Krotkov, G.; Nelson, C. D.

doi:10.1139/b61-047

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…During the experiments detached twigs and leaves standing in water were sealed into a plexiglass photosynthesis chamber connected in a closed system to an infra-red C02-analyzer, as described by Lister et al (8). The volume of the whole syste-m was 0.864 liter and air was circulated through it at the rate of 0.2 liter per minute.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO₂ Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

1967

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Summary. Detached spruce twigs, wheat and soybean leaves were infiltrated with various metabolic inhibitors, placed in a closed system in C02-free air and the amounts of C02 evolved in either light or darkness were determined with an infra-red CO0 analyzer. In light, metabolic inhibitors always greatly suppressed evolution of C02, the magnitude of suppression varying between 50 to 80 % of that without an in'hibitor. This depressing effect became less pronounced with increasing oxygen. In darkness, metabolic inhibitors sometimes suppressed and sometimes stimulated CO2 evolution. These observations have been taken as 'further support for a conclusion made earlier, that evolution of CO2 in light and darkness is not thie same process.In our earlier work we observed that an increase in the oxygen content of air between 1 and 100 % had a different effect on the evolution of CO2 in light or darkness by detached leaves of soybean (3) 5 species of grasses (4) and tobacco (9). There was marked stimulation of COO evolution in light, but not in darkness. Similar observations have been reported by other workers (2, 5).Such a difference could be explained on the assumption that evolution of 002 by green 'plants in light and in darkness is not the same process. In light, the usual or dark respiration could either be suspended, or at least considerably curtailed, and be replaced by some other process, which we have tentatively called photorespiration. If both, photorespiration and dark respiration are the same, one expects various external conditions to have the same effect on both of them. I,f orn the other hand these 2 processes are not the same, then the effect of the same external condition may be different.The experiments reported below describe the effects of various metabolic inhibitors on CO2 evolution in light and in darkness at different concentrations of oxygen. Materials and MethodsAttached shoots as well as detached twigs of 4-year-old spruce seedlings, Picea glauica Moench/

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Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO₂ Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

1967

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“…Technical discussions between Krotkov's group at Queen's, Vern Helson and colleagues at the new phytotron at Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa and Bidwell's group at Toronto led to the development of a closed-circuit apparatus with an infrared CO 2 gas analyzer and a Geiger tube system for the continuous, simultaneous measurement of 14 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 exchange in photosynthesis and respiration, as described by Lister et al (1961). (See a photograph of Lister in Figure 4b.)…”

Section: Gleb Krotkovmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…His medal address was titled: ÔThe influence of the wavelength of incident light on the path of carbon in photosynthesisÕ (Krotkov 1964). Using the closed-circuit apparatus described by Lister et al (1961), with Chlorella vulgaris cells and tobacco leaves and conditions adjusted in such a way that they absorbed the same amount of 14 CO 2 either in red light or blue light, he reported that photosynthesis in blue light as compared to red light stimulates the accumulation of 14 C in compounds connected to the Krebs cycle (aspartic, glutamic, malic and fumaric acids) and depresses the accumulation in sugars, glycine and serine. Red light stimulates the accumulation of 14 C in sugars.…”

Section: Gleb Krotkovmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthesis Research in Canada from 1945 to the early 1970s

Gorham

Nozzolillo

2006

Photosynth Res

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This history traces the development of photosynthesis research in Canada from 1945 to 1975, starting with the work of Gleb(1) Krotkov and his students, Paul Vittorio, Tony(1) Bidwell, Don(1) Nelson, Jim(1) Craigie, Bruce Tregunna, Andreas Hauschild, Geoff Lister and others in the Department of Biology at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. They focused on the influence of taxonomy and light quality on the path of carbon into early products, photorespiration and photosynthesis in young trees. During the same period, Ken(1) Clendenning and one of the authors (PRG) at the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) laboratory in Ottawa began studies of chloroplast photoreduction and leaf carboxylases. They were joined by Don(1) Mortimer, who showed that the path of carbon varies with species of plant and by Morris Kates, who studied phospholipid enzymology in chloroplasts and leaves. Stan(1) Holt researched the chemistry and distribution of chlorophylls in different taxa. In 1952, Ralph Lewin joined NRCC's new Atlantic Regional Laboratory in Halifax, Nova Scotia, followed by Jim Craigie, Jack McLachlan and Tony Bidwell who mainly investigated the products of photosynthesis in marine algae. Tony Bidwell continued these studies in 1959 at the Department of Botany, University of Toronto. Dave(1) Canvin joined the staff at Queen's in 1965 and became involved in solving the mystery of photorespiration. Tony Bidwell returned to Queen's in 1969 and studied photosynthesis of algal chloroplasts using an 'artificial leaf.' In 1965, Don Nelson established a group at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia that included his former student, Geoff Lister who produced the first photosynthetic action spectra for trees, and Bill(1) Vidaver, who showed the useful relation between chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic activity. In 1970, Mário Fragata headed a group at the Université du Québec à Trois Rivières, Québec, that began with studies of Photosystem II in chloroplasts and particles.

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“…Equally important details of the light reaction involved in capturing the photosynthetically active solar radiation and converting it, via multi-steps of electron flow systems, into usable chemical energy required for CO 2 assimilation and sugar formation were also worked out by many researchers in Europe and the United States of America (Arnon 1984, Duysens 1989). Parallel to the above mentioned biochemical advances that greatly enhanced interest in photosynthetic research, plant physiologists and agronomists made efforts to study leaf photosynthetic rates of various plant species that were aided by the modern infrared CO 2 analysers (Williamson 1951) associated with leaf chamber techniques (Bosian 1955, Gaastra 1959, Egle 1960, Lister et al 1961, Hesketh 1963. The open-circuit system in which a stream of air passes into transparent chambers enclosing attached or detached leaves under illumination was employed to investigate the interrelationships between photoperiodism and CO 2 assimilation in Kalanchoe (Gregory et al 1954, Spear andThimann 1954); the effect of ecological factors on plant photosynthesis (Parker 1953, Bohning and Burnside 1956, Burnside and Bohning 1957; effects of petroleum oils on respiration (Helson and Minshall,1956); and effects of ozone on respiration and photosynthesis (Todd 1958).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pioneering research on C4 leaf anatomical, physiological, and agronomic characteristics of tropical monocot and dicot plant species: Implications for crop water relations and productivity in comparison to C3 cropping systems

El‐Sharkawy¹

2009

Photosynt.

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The review is done to summarise the history of the discoveries of the many anatomical, agronomical, and physiological aspects of C 4 photosynthesis (where the first chemical products of CO 2 fixation in illuminated leaves are four-carbon dicarboxylic acids) and to document correctly the scientists at the University of Arizona and the University of California, Davis, who made these early discoveries. The findings were milestones in plant science that occurred shortly after the biochemical pathway of C 3 photosynthesis in green algae (where the first chemical product is a three-carbon compound) was elucidated at the University of California, Berkeley, and earned a Nobel Prize in chemistry. These remarkable achievements were the result of ground-breaking pioneering research efforts carried out by many agronomists, plant physiologists and biochemists in several laboratories, particularly in the USA. Numerous reviews and books written in the past four decades on the history of C 4 photosynthesis have focused on the biochemical aspects and give an unbalanced history of the multidisciplinary/multinstitutional nature of the achievements made by agronomists, who published much of their work in Crop Science. Most notable among the characteristics of the C 4 species that differentiated them from the C 3 ones are: (I) high optimum temperature and high irradiance saturation for maximum leaf photosynthetic rates; (II) apparent lack of CO 2 release in a rapid stream of CO 2 -free air in illuminated leaves in varying temperatures and high irradiances; (III) a very low CO 2 compensation point; (IV) lower mesophyll resistances to CO 2 diffusion coupled with higher stomatal resistances, and, hence, higher instantaneous leaf water use efficiency; (V) the existence of the so-called "Kranz leaf anatomy" and the higher internal exposed mesophyll surface area per cell volume; and (VI) the ability to recycle respiratory CO 2 by illuminated leaves. PhD in crop physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 1965]. For more than four decades, he has contributed to research in field crop production, breeding, and physiology of cotton, cereal crops and the root tropical crop cassava. He took a leading role in establishing a faculty of agriculture, Tripoli University, Libyan Arab Republic, and participated in the pioneering agricultural development projects under irrigation in the semiarid and arid ecosystems of North Africa and the Sahara. Abbreviations: C i − intercellular CO 2 concentration; DM − dry mass; NAD-ME − NAD-dependent malic enzyme; NADP-ME − NADP-dependent malic enzyme; PAR − photosynthetically active radiation; PCK − phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PCRC − photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle − PEPC − phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; PGA − 3-phosphoglycerate; PNUE − photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency; PPDK − pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase; P N − leaf net photosynthetic rate; r m − mesophyll resistances to CO 2 diffusion; r k − intracellular resistances to CO 2 diffusion; Rubisco − ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ ...

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A CLOSED-CIRCUIT APPARATUS WITH AN INFRARED CO₂ ANALYZER AND A GEIGER TUBE FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CO₂ EXCHANGE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

Abstract: rZn apparatus is described which permits continuous monitoring of the conc e~i t

Cited by 35 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO₂ Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO₂ Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

Photosynthesis Research in Canada from 1945 to the early 1970s

Pioneering research on C<sub>4</sub> leaf anatomical, physiological, and agronomic characteristics of tropical monocot and dicot plant species: Implications for crop water relations and productivity in comparison to C<sub>3</sub> cropping systems

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A CLOSED-CIRCUIT APPARATUS WITH AN INFRARED CO2 ANALYZER AND A GEIGER TUBE FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CO2 EXCHANGE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

Abstract: rZn apparatus is described which permits continuous monitoring of the conc e~i t

Cited by 35 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO2 Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO2 Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

Photosynthesis Research in Canada from 1945 to the early 1970s

Pioneering research on C<sub>4</sub> leaf anatomical, physiological, and agronomic characteristics of tropical monocot and dicot plant species: Implications for crop water relations and productivity in comparison to C<sub>3</sub> cropping systems

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A CLOSED-CIRCUIT APPARATUS WITH AN INFRARED CO₂ ANALYZER AND A GEIGER TUBE FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF CO₂ EXCHANGE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO₂ Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves

Effects of Metabolic Inhibitors on the Rates of CO₂ Evolution in Light and in Darkness by Detached Spruce Twigs, Wheat, and Soybean Leaves